Leukopoiesis Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
the production and proliferation of white blood cells, with the exception of lymphocytes, in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and thymus. “BLT”
A
Leukopoiesis
2
Q
Refers to the production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
A
Myelopoisis (granulocytopoiesis)
3
Q
Refers to the production of lymphocytes
A
Lymphopoisis
4
Q
Neutrophils (segs) %
A
50-70%
5
Q
Lymphocytes (lymphs) %
A
18-42%
6
Q
Monocytes (Monos) %
A
2-11%
7
Q
Eosinophils (Eos) %
A
1-3%
8
Q
Basophils (Basos) %
A
0-2%
9
Q
What are the two basic WBC classifications?
A
- Granulocytes (develops only in bone marrow) includes: segs, eos, basos, and monos
- Lymphocytes or Mononuclears (develop in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue) includes: lymphs and NK cells
10
Q
Are mononuclears granulocytes?
A
No. They have very fine granules
Granulocytes (all have noticeable granules and and segmented nuclei)
11
Q
WBC functions:
As a defense against foreign invaders…
A
•Ab production by immunocytes (lymphs)
•cytokine production by lymphocytes (lymphokines)
•inflammatory mediator production by segs and monos
•phagocytosis (Granulocytes and mononuclear cells)
12
Q
WBC size gets ___________ as they mature.
A
Smaller
13
Q
Example of high N:C ratio
A
4:1
14
Q
Example of low N:C ratio
A
1:4
15
Q
Example of intermediate N:C ratio
A
1:1.5
16
Q
Granules tend to develop as cell _________
A
Matures
17
Q
What are the three cytoplasmic characteristics of WBC?
A
•color of background cytoplasm
•presence or absence of granules
•color and size of granules
18
Q
What shape is reniform?
A
Kidney shaped
19
Q
Nucleoli denotes __________.
A
Immaturity
20
Q
-cluster of differentiation (CD) 34 antigen
-undergoes stimulation, mitosis, and maturation in a stem cell (CFU-GEMM) that’s specific for myeloid cells
A
CFU-S or hematopolietic stem cell (HSC)
21
Q
-CD34 and CD33 antigens
-matures into CFU-GM
A
CFU-GEMM
Eventually a myloblast
22
Q
-ILs and CFUs control the stability of cell numbers and their functions
-matures into a myeloblast
A
CFU-GM
23
Q
Production is stimulated by endotoxin released from infection
A
Multi-CSF (i.e. IL-3)
24
Q
Source of Multi-CSF (i.e. IL-3) ?
A
Secreted by marrow fibroblasts, T-lymphs, and macrophages, and monocytes
25
Function of Multi-CSF (i.e. IL-3) ?
Stimulates regeneration, maturation, and differentiates of multipotential and unipotential stem cells
26
Is important for myeloid maturation in the marrow
GM-CSF
27
Source of GM-CSF?
Secreted by T-lymphs, marrow fibroblasts, marrow endothelial cells and monocytes
28
Function of GM-CSF?
Stimulates neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocyte growth
29
Is a more specific Granulocytes growth factor
G-CSF
30
Source of G-CSF?
Monocytes, marrow fibroblasts and endothelial cells
31
Function of G-CSF?
Stimulates, neutrophils, and enhances functional response of neutrophils
32
Is the primary monocytic growth factor
M-CSF (i.e. CSF-1)
33
Source of M-CSF (i.e. CSF-1) ?
Secreted by mature monocytes, marrow fibroblasts, and marrow endothelial cells
34
Function of M-CSF (i.e. CSF-1) ?
Stimulates macrophages and the release of G-CSF from monocytes. Stimulates the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon, and IL-1 from macrophages
35
How many days does it take a neutrophil to go from a myeloblast to maturation?
10 days
36
What is the first nucleophilic stage that is normal in small percentages in peripheral blood? What percentage in normal adult?
Band
5-10%
37
What is the percentage of bands in bone marrow?
40%
38
Curved, band-like nucleus (C or S shape) with no segmentation
Band
39
What are the properties of bands? 
Full motility
Active adhesion properties
Some phagocytic ability
40
A maturation “shift to the ________” Occurs when neutrophil bands are increased and peripheral blood In comparison to the number of segs 
Left
41
Segmented (ploymorphonuclear) neutrophil (PMN) are also know as…
“Poly” “seg”
42
Comprise 50 to 70% of total white blood cell population in normal adult peripheral blood
Seg
43
Nucleus contains indentations to form segments, a lobed nucleus
Seg
44
What are the properties of segs?
Cell is Fully functional!
45
How many lobes should segs have?
2-5
46
A maturation “shift to the ________” Occurs with increased number of segs, or hypersegmentation (>5 lobes)
Right
47
What is it called when there is five or more lobes in a seg? 
Hypersegmentation (hyper mature)
48
Mature neutrophilic Granule:
Color is red-purple (on Wright’s stain) Becomes light blue as cell Matures
Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic 
49
Mature neutrophilic granule:
Mostly visible in blast and promyelocyte stages 
Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic
50
Mature neutrophilic Granule:
Lysosomes, contains lysozymes, acid hydrolyses, MPO, Protease, superoxide
Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic
51
Mature neutrophilic Granule:
Stains positive for peroxidase
Primary/non-specific or Azurophilic
52
Mature neutrophilic Granule: 
No peroxidase
•Secondary/specific or neutrophilic
• tertiary
53
Mature neutrophilic granule:
Pale lavender-pink (on Wright’s stain) 
Secondary/specific or neutrophilic
54
 mature neutrophilic Granule: 
Starts at myelocyte stage
cause “Dawn of neutrophilia
Secondary/specific or neutrophilic
55
Mature neutrophilic granule:
 Lysosomes, contains lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenases, and Complement activators
Secondary/specific or neutrophilic
56
Mature neutrophilic granule: 
Color is invisible
Tertiary
57
Mature neutrophilic granule:
Appears in very late stages
Tertiary
58
Mature neutrophilic granule: 
Lysosomes, contain lysozymes, and gelatinase 
Tertiary
59
In the bloodstream, granulocytes enter and then divide up equally between What two other functional pools?
• circulating pool (CP)- Counted in a WBC count
• Marginating pool (MP)- Lies against endothelial lining of blood cells
60
Granulocyte pool that is counted in WBC count
Circulating pool (CP)
61
Granulocyte pool that lies against endothelial lining of blood cells
Marginating pool (MP) 
62
there is constant exchange between circulating pool and marginating pool. Marginating cells can be mobilized into peripheral blood circulating pool during….. 
Stress or exercise
63
Movement from MP to CP accounts for the elevated WBC count scene and crying children or highly stressed out adults, due to effects of What hormone?
Epinephrine (Patients can rest for 30 minutes to help with this) 
64
Granulocyte stay in the peripheral blood about ______ Hours and then move randomly into tissues via _________, Perform their job (_____ days) and die. 
6-10 hours
Diapedesis
1-5 days
65
How did granulocytes move into the tissue? What is the process?
They squeeze you tight junctions between endothelial cells of the blood vessel walls and exit into the tissues. Once in the tissues they do not return! 
66
Can granulocytes move back into the blood from the tissues?
No!
67
Eosinophils are structurally similar to ____________, But differ in their unique cytoplasmic granules.
Neutrophils
68
What kind of granules do Eosinophils have?
Secondary granules, large, red orange lysosome‘s containing very small peroxidase and some acid phosphatase
Contain mostly crystalloid form of Major basic protein (MBP)
69
What is major basic protein (MBP) rich in?
Lysine and arginine (these help with phagocytosis) And is cytotoxic to Schistosoma. 
70
Do eosinophil Granules overlie nucleus?
May overlie nucleus, but usually don’t
71
What color eosinophils Cytoplasm?
Colorless
72
Nucleus of eosinophils? 
Stains less blue than neutrophils, and can be segmented (Mature) Or band like (immature)
73
What moves very slowly and has less intracellular killing ability than segs?
Eosinophils 
74
What is the function of eosinophils?
-Control parasitic infections (Damage larval stages of parasitic worms)
-Dampen hypersensitivity reactions (Allergies)
75
What is the life Span of eosinophils?
Less than one week in peripheral blood
76
Basophils phagocytic ability is much less than…
Segs and eos
77
Basophils are classified only into what two forms? 
Immature and mature forms based upon degree of nuclear segmentation
78
What is the function of basophils?
Mediate inflammatory responses via IgE receptors on the plasma membrane (Including allergies)
79
What are the contents of basophils granules?
Large bluish black lysozymes Containing histamine and heparin (released in allergic reactions) These are water soluble so may disintegrate during staining it may appear as empty areas
80
Do granules usually overlay nucleus in basophils?
No
81
What is the major function of monocytes?
Phagocytosis! Even though monocytes speed of Mobility is slower compared to that of segs
82
Between monocytes and segs,
Which one has a higher speed of motility and wish when phagocytosis faster? 
Segs- greater speed of motility
Monocytes- Greater speed of phagocytosis
83
Monocytes require less ___________, And phagocytosis can be initiated by contact. 
Opsonization
84
Monocytes play a major role in processing specific __________ For lymphocyte recognition.
Antigens
85
A monocyte in the tissues is no longer a mono, but called a ______________, Either free or fixed. 
Macrophage
86
Mono stay in the peripheral blood for about _____ days, Then move into tissues and stay several months or more. 
3
87
The nucleus of monocytes are…..
Indented or curved
88
The chromatin of monocytes is….
Lacy with small clumps
89
What is the largest sized cell in peripheral blood?
Monocytes*
90
What is commonly found in monocytes? 
Vacuoles (but not always)
91
Monocytes are regarded as a ___________ cell. 
Transition
92
What are monocytes easily confused with?
Variant/atypical lymphs or large bands (always look at nuclear chromatin pattern: Is it frilly or chunky?)
93
Monocytes contain many ___________ enzymes, includes lysozymes (release continuously), Acid phosphatase and a small amount of peroxidase (<<<<< seg contains!) 
Lysosomal
94
Monos also stain Positive for…
Nonspecific esterases (NSEs) 
95
Where do you see peroxidase?
-4+ in segs
-2+ in later segs
-1+ in monos
96
As a mono leaves the circulation and enters the tissue, it evolves into a _________-filled Macrophage
Lysozyme
97
Macrophages can undergo a sudden increase in….
Anabolic energy, phagocytic activity, lysozymes, IgG Surface receptors, and mobility
98
The cytoplasm of macrophages is Highly ____________ and has Foamy appearance
Vacuolated 
99
What are the two categories of macrophages?
•Free- Are found in various sites of Inflammation and repair, and body fluids
• fixed- Found in specific sites of concentration (Kupffer cells, bone marrow, and lymph nodes) 
100
What are the two primary phagocytes? And what are two that are capable of limited phagocytosis?
Monocytes and neutrophils
eos and basos
101
What are the five steps of phagocytosis? 
-directed motility (Migration)
-Recognition an attachment
-Ingestion and phagocytosis
-Degranulation/digestion and killing
-Exocytosis
*MRID(k)E
