Levels of Organization, Systems, and the Physical Exam

Question 1

What are the 3 epithelial tissue functions?

Answer 1

1.) Protection
2.) Transport
3.) Secretion of useful substances

Question 2

What types of protection do epithelial tissues offer?

Answer 2

Physical, thermal, chemical, and from microbes

Question 3

Where is the main location of epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

GI tract

Question 4

What do epithelial tissues absorb?

Answer 4

water, nutrients, electrolytes

Question 5

Where do epithelial cells aid in the secretion or removal of wastes?

Answer 5

GI tract, kidney, lung

Question 6

What are the this cells that optimize diffusion, by reducing the distance substances need to diffuse?

Answer 6

Endothelial cells, alveolar cells

Question 7

What kinds of fluid do epithelial tissues secrete?

Answer 7

Mucous, glandular secretions, hormones

Question 8

Most membranes in the body are which kind?

Answer 8

Epithelial

Question 9

______________ faces a cavity, tube, or the outside world

Answer 9

Epithelium

Question 10

_______________ membranes are important components of the GI, urinary, respiratory, cutaneous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems.

Answer 10

Epithelial

Question 11

_______________ tissue membranes have no epithelial lining.

Answer 11

Connective (cover an organ, line a joint)

Question 12

_______________ membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Coated with secretions.

Answer 12

Mucous

Question 13

____________ membranes line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

Answer 13

Serous

Question 14

___________ membrane, or the skin, covers the body surface.

Answer 14

Cutaneous

Question 15

____________ membranes line the joint cavities and produce fluid within the joint.

Answer 15

Synovial

Question 16

Most membranes in the body are _____________ membranes.

Answer 16

Epithelial

Question 17

___________ tissue membranes have no epithelial lining.

Answer 17

connective
(cover an organ or line a joint)

Question 18

What are the “stronger structures” of connective tissues?

Answer 18

Bone, cartilage
Dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
Dense irregular tissue (dermis of the skin)

Question 19

What are some “weaker structures” of connective tissue?

Answer 19

Aerolar and reticular (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen)
Adipose tissue (fat)

Question 20

What are the specialized functions of connective tissues?

Answer 20

Transportation and communication throughout the body. Distributing essential substances and supporting the immune system.

Question 21

__________ is an important endocrine organ and mineral storage depot.

Answer 21

Bone

Question 22

__________ is an important endocrine organ, store of metabolic energy and thermoregulator.

Answer 22

Fat

Question 23

Fibroblasts, osteoblasts/osteocytes, chondroblasts
Adipocytes, mesenchymal are all ______________.

Answer 23

Cells

Question 24

Fibres: collagen, elastic fibres, reticular fibres,

Ground substance:
polysaccharide and protein complexes for most connective tissue are ________________.

Answer 24

Matrix

Question 25

What includes loose and dense connective tissue?

Answer 25

Connective tissue proper

Question 26

Are bone and cartilage considered connective tissue proper?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Are there adipocytes in bone and carilage?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

Type _______ collagen is very strong, cable-like protein that imparts strength

Answer 28

I

Question 29

Type _____ collagen is more delicate that often links epithelial tissue to connective tissue

Answer 29

IV

Question 30

What is responsible for tissue and organ elasticity?

Answer 30

Elastic fibres

Question 31

Can ground substance be simple globular proteins (glycoproteins) AND "brush like" aggregates of protein and large polysaccharides (proteoglycans)?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

What does a fibroblast do?

Answer 32

Produce the matrix

Question 33

What does a macrophage do?

Answer 33

Repair and defense (immune cells)

Question 34

What do adipocytes do?

Answer 34

store fat in their vacuole

Question 35

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 35

1.) skeletal 2.) cardiac 3.) smooth

Question 36

Which of the 3 muscle types are involuntary?

Answer 36

Smooth and cardiac

Question 37

Which type of muscle has striated fibres with a very orderly cytoskeletal arrangement?

Answer 37

Skeletal

Question 38

Is the cardiac cytoskeleton arrangement similar to skeletal muscle?

Answer 38

Yes

Question 39

Which type of muscle has less order to the cytoskeleton and lower ATP expenditure?

Answer 39

Smooth

Question 40

What is a simplified 3 steps of the nervous system stimulus to response?

Answer 40

1.) The peripheral nervous system detects a stimulus and relays it to the central nervous system (sensory) 2.)The central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) integrates this information into a response 3.)The response is carried to effectors (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the peripheral nervous system (motor)

Question 41

Which cell receives a stimulus, integrates it, then passes along another stimulus.?

Answer 41

Neuron

Question 42

Which part of the neuron receives a stimulus?

Answer 42

dendrite (like an antennae)

Question 43

Which part of the neuron decides whether to initiate an action potential down the neuron's axon.

Answer 43

axon hillock

Question 44

Which part of the neuron processes information, provides metabolic support, and contributes to the decision-making process by integrating signals received from dendrites?

Answer 44

cell body

Question 45

What is the function of axons?

Answer 45

Transmit electrical impulses, or signals, away from the neuron's cell body to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.

Question 46

Which 3 neuronal cell bodies do not reside in the CNS?

Answer 46

Dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, and enteric ganglia

Question 47

Where does the dorsal root ganglia reside?

Answer 47

PNS

Question 48

Where do the autonomic ganglia reside?

Answer 48

ANS

Question 49

Where do the enteric ganglia reside?

Answer 49

Gut

Question 50

What are 4 types of glial cells?

Answer 50

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglial cells

Question 51

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 51

Support neurons within the central nervous system

Question 52

What do Oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 52

"insulate" axons with a layer of myelin within the CNS

Question 53

What do Schwann cells do?

Answer 53

Myelinate axons in the PNS

Question 54

What do microglial cells do?

Answer 54

Clean up debris, detect microbial invaders/injury in the PNS

Question 55

Beginning most interior, what are the 6 layers of the heart.

Answer 55

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (viceral layer of serous pericardium), pericardial cavity, parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium

Question 56

True or false. Most disease is due to dysfunction at a molecular, cellular or tissue level.

Answer 56

True