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Physiology > Levels of Organization, Systems, and the Physical Exam > Flashcards

Levels of Organization, Systems, and the Physical Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 epithelial tissue functions?

A

1.) Protection
2.) Transport
3.) Secretion of useful substances

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2
Q

What types of protection do epithelial tissues offer?

A

Physical, thermal, chemical, and from microbes

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3
Q

Where is the main location of epithelial tissue?

A

GI tract

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4
Q

What do epithelial tissues absorb?

A

water, nutrients, electrolytes

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5
Q

Where do epithelial cells aid in the secretion or removal of wastes?

A

GI tract, kidney, lung

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6
Q

What are the this cells that optimize diffusion, by reducing the distance substances need to diffuse?

A

Endothelial cells, alveolar cells

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7
Q

What kinds of fluid do epithelial tissues secrete?

A

Mucous, glandular secretions, hormones

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8
Q

Most membranes in the body are which kind?

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

______________ faces a cavity, tube, or the outside world

A

Epithelium

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10
Q

_______________ membranes are important components of the GI, urinary, respiratory, cutaneous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems.

A

Epithelial

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11
Q

_______________ tissue membranes have no epithelial lining.

A

Connective (cover an organ, line a joint)

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12
Q

_______________ membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. Coated with secretions.

A

Mucous

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13
Q

____________ membranes line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities.

A

Serous

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14
Q

___________ membrane, or the skin, covers the body surface.

A

Cutaneous

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15
Q

____________ membranes line the joint cavities and produce fluid within the joint.

A

Synovial

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16
Q

Most membranes in the body are _____________ membranes.

A

Epithelial

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17
Q

___________ tissue membranes have no epithelial lining.

A

connective
(cover an organ or line a joint)

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18
Q

What are the “stronger structures” of connective tissues?

A

Bone, cartilage
Dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
Dense irregular tissue (dermis of the skin)

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19
Q

What are some “weaker structures” of connective tissue?

A

Aerolar and reticular (lymph nodes, thymus, spleen)
Adipose tissue (fat)

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20
Q

What are the specialized functions of connective tissues?

A

Transportation and communication throughout the body. Distributing essential substances and supporting the immune system.

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21
Q

__________ is an important endocrine organ and mineral storage depot.

A

Bone

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22
Q

__________ is an important endocrine organ, store of metabolic energy and thermoregulator.

A

Fat

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23
Q

Fibroblasts, osteoblasts/osteocytes, chondroblasts
Adipocytes, mesenchymal are all ______________.

A

Cells

24
Q

Fibres: collagen, elastic fibres, reticular fibres,

Ground substance:
polysaccharide and protein complexes for most connective tissue are ________________.

A

Matrix

25
Q

What includes loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper

26
Q

Are bone and cartilage considered connective tissue proper?

A

No

27
Q

Are there adipocytes in bone and carilage?

A

No

28
Q

Type _______ collagen is very strong, cable-like protein that imparts strength

A

I

29
Q

Type _____ collagen is more delicate that often links epithelial tissue to connective tissue

A

IV

30
Q

What is responsible for tissue and organ elasticity?

A

Elastic fibres

31
Q

Can ground substance be simple globular proteins (glycoproteins) AND “brush like” aggregates of protein and large polysaccharides (proteoglycans)?

A

Yes

32
Q

What does a fibroblast do?

A

Produce the matrix

33
Q

What does a macrophage do?

A

Repair and defense (immune cells)

34
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

store fat in their vacuole

35
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

1.) skeletal
2.) cardiac
3.) smooth

36
Q

Which of the 3 muscle types are involuntary?

A

Smooth and cardiac

37
Q

Which type of muscle has striated fibres with a very orderly cytoskeletal arrangement?

A

Skeletal

38
Q

Is the cardiac cytoskeleton arrangement similar to skeletal muscle?

A

Yes

39
Q

Which type of muscle has less order to the cytoskeleton and lower ATP expenditure?

A

Smooth

40
Q

What is a simplified 3 steps of the nervous system stimulus to response?

A

1.) The peripheral nervous system detects a stimulus and relays it to the central nervous system (sensory)
2.)The central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) integrates this information into a response
3.)The response is carried to effectors (muscles, glands, blood vessels) via the peripheral nervous system (motor)

41
Q

Which cell receives a stimulus, integrates it, then passes along another stimulus.?

A

Neuron

42
Q

Which part of the neuron receives a stimulus?

A

dendrite (like an antennae)

43
Q

Which part of the neuron decides whether to initiate an action potential down the neuron’s axon.

A

axon hillock

44
Q

Which part of the neuron processes information, provides metabolic support, and contributes to the decision-making process by integrating signals received from dendrites?

A

cell body

45
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Transmit electrical impulses, or signals, away from the neuron’s cell body to other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells.

46
Q

Which 3 neuronal cell bodies do not reside in the CNS?

A

Dorsal root ganglia, autonomic ganglia, and enteric ganglia

47
Q

Where does the dorsal root ganglia reside?

A

PNS

48
Q

Where do the autonomic ganglia reside?

A

ANS

49
Q

Where do the enteric ganglia reside?

A

Gut

50
Q

What are 4 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, microglial cells

51
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Support neurons within the central nervous system

52
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes do?

A

“insulate” axons with a layer of myelin within the CNS

53
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Myelinate axons in the PNS

54
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A

Clean up debris, detect microbial invaders/injury in the PNS

55
Q

Beginning most interior, what are the 6 layers of the heart.

A

Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium (viceral layer of serous pericardium), pericardial cavity, parietal layer of serous pericardium, fibrous pericardium

56
Q

True or false. Most disease is due to dysfunction at a molecular, cellular or tissue level.

A

True

Physiology (11 decks)

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