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Physiology > Flow Down Gradient > Flashcards

Flow Down Gradient Flashcards

1
Q

Flow is measured by the ________________ that moves over ________.

A

amount of substance, over time

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2
Q

What is the driving force for the flow of a substance?

A

energy gradient between point A and point B

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3
Q

The amount of flow is directly related to the size of the ___________ between A and B

A

energy gradient

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4
Q

The greater the gradient, the (greater/lesser) the flow.

A

greater

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5
Q

______________ pressure causes gas or liquid to flow from point A to B.

A

Hydrostatic

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6
Q

Physical structures (resist/encourage) flow.

A

resist

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7
Q

True or false.
The viscosity of the fluid impacts flow.

A

True

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8
Q

F = (P1 โ€“ P2) ยท (๐…๐’“^๐Ÿ’)/๐Ÿ–๐๐’
What law is this and what does it determine?

A

Poiseuilleโ€™s law. Rate of flow

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9
Q

(PL)
F= ___________

A

Flow. The volume of liquid that passes through a tube per unit time. (i.e L/min)

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10
Q

(PL)
P= _____________

A

hydrostatic pressure. The force that a substance exerts on the walls of its container

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11
Q

(PL)
r=__________

A

radius of the tube that the fluid is moving through

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12
Q

(PL)
l = _____________

A

length of the tube

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13
Q

(PL)
๐ = _____________

A

viscosity of the fluid

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14
Q

(PL) When hydrostatic pressure and radius increase, flow (increases/decreases)?

A

increases

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15
Q

(PL) When length of tube and viscosity of fluid increase, flow (increases/decreases)?

A

decreases

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16
Q

(PL)Which law does the bodyโ€™s control of flow through vessels by: controlling pressure in large vessels and radius of small vessels relate to?

A

Poiseuilleโ€™s law

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17
Q

(PL)What happens to the resistance if the radius decreases by half?

A

The resistance increases by a factor of 16 when the radius decreases by half.

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18
Q

(PL)As tubes become more branched or irregularly-shaped, its harder to quantify what?

A

resistance

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19
Q

(PL)If flow becomes turbulent, the resistance will (change as well/remain the same)?

A

change as well

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20
Q

(PL)If a tube is flexible - like an artery - Poiseuilleโ€™s law is (more accurate/ not exact)

A

Not exact

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21
Q

(PL)What is the most important determinant of resistance?

A

radius of the tube

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22
Q

(FL)Movement of a solute or a gas in a gas mixture from an area of high concentration to low concentration is known as what?

A

diffustion

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23
Q

___________ law quantifies how the rate of diffusion is affected by various parameters.

A

Fickโ€™s law

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24
Q

What are the parameters in Fickโ€™s law that quantify the rate of diffusion?

A

Flow=flux (amount of solute moving across a barrier per unit of time

Force driving flux โ€”> concentration gradient (C2-C1) difference in concentration on either side of the membrane

resistance: membrane surface area and thickness. Permeability of the membrane to the substance

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25
Q

๐‘ญ=๐’Œ โˆ™ (๐‘จ(๐‘ช_(๐‘จ )โˆ’๐‘ช_(๐‘ฉ )) )/๐’•
What law is this?

A

Fickโ€™s law

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26
Q

(FL)
F=________

A

Flow/flux
Number of molecules of a substance diffusing from A to B over time

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27
Q

(FL)
(CA-CB) = _______

A

Concentration gradient. Difference in concentration on either side of the membrane

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28
Q

(FL)
A=___________

A

Surface area of the membrane

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29
Q

(FL)
k=a constant that increases when: (2)

A

1.) the substance is a smaller molecule that dissolves better in the barrier
2.) the permeability of the barrier to the substance increases`

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30
Q

(FL)
t= ____________

A

thickness of the membrane

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31
Q

(FL)
Flow (increases/decreases) when concentration gradient increases.

A

increases

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32
Q

Flow (increases/decreases) when surface area increases.

A

increases

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33
Q

Flow (increases/decreases) when thickness of the membrane increases.

A

decreases

34
Q

Flow (increases/decreases) when the substance is a smaller molecule that dissolves better in the barrier.

A

increases

35
Q

Flow (increases/decreases) when the permeability of the barrier to the substance increases.

A

increases

36
Q

Which systems/locations in the body are affected by Fickโ€™s Law?

A

Solutes through capillaries
Substances through cell membranes
Oxygen and CO2 from alveolus to blood

37
Q

(FL)
Membranes have channels or transporters in order to increase __________ of the membrane.

A

permeability

38
Q

The need for channels/transporters depends on the __________ of the substance in the membrane.

A

solubility

39
Q

Diffusion__________ is a common theme in disease

A

failure

40
Q

_________ law relates to the rate of flow of charges across a membrane, which is known as _________.

A

Ohmโ€™s law
current (I)

41
Q

๐ผ= ๐‘‰/๐‘…
Equation for what law?

A

Ohmโ€™s law

42
Q

(OL)
I= _________

A

Current.

43
Q

(OH)
V=________

A

voltage

44
Q

(OL)
R= ________

A

resistance

45
Q

(OL)
_______ is the number of charges or charged particles that move across the membrane per unit of time.

A

Current

46
Q

___________ is the energy generated by separating charges across the cell membrane.

A

Voltage

47
Q

_____________ is the electrical property of a component or material that impedes the flow of electric current

A

resistance

48
Q

(OL)
Current (increases/decreases) when voltage increases.

A

increases

49
Q

(OL)
Current (increases/decreases) when resistance increases.

A

decreases

50
Q

In Ohmโ€™s law, do opposites attract, and like charges repel?

A

Yes

51
Q

What is responsible for establishing voltage?

A

Electric field of the the charged particle.

52
Q

(OL)
The particles move (down/up) a gradient of voltage according to their charge.

A

down

53
Q

In biology, which law is most useful when thinking about unequal distributions of charges very close on either side of a membrane?

A

Ohmโ€™s law

54
Q

True or false.
Overall positive and negative charges are balanced in all physiologic compartments.

A

True

55
Q

The electric field (increases/declines) very rapidly as charges are separated by distance.

A

declines

56
Q

True or false. Is all situations in physiology, there is only one force that acts on a substance at a time.

A

False. There are many situations in physiology where more than one force acts on the same substance

57
Q

The purpose of a ___________ is to transport substances to and from tissues.

A

capillaries

58
Q

๐น๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘ฅ=([(โ€œ๐‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐น๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘๐‘’๐‘ โ€)โˆ’(โ€œ๐ท๐‘–๐‘“๐‘“๐‘ข๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘› ๐น๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘๐‘’๐‘ โ€)])/(โ€œ๐‘…๐‘’๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘๐‘’ ๐‘ก๐‘œ ๐ป2๐‘‚ ๐‘“๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘ฅโ€)

๐…๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฑ = ๐‹๐ฉ[ (๐๐œ๐š๐ฉโˆ’๐๐ˆ๐’๐… )โˆ’๐›”(๐›‘๐œ๐š๐ฉโˆ’๐›‘๐ˆ๐’๐…)]

What equation is this?

A

Starling forces

59
Q

(SF)
Lp=__________

A

the โ€œleakinessโ€ of the capillary wall to water (inverse of resistance)

60
Q

(SF)
P= __________

A

Hydrostatic pressure

61
Q

(SF)
๐›‘ = ________

A

osmotic pressure

62
Q

(SF)
โ€œcapโ€= _______

A

fluid within the capilllary

63
Q

(SF)
โ€œISFโ€=_______

A

fluid within the interstitial space

64
Q

(SF)
๐›”=____________

A

how much protein leaks through the capillary wall

65
Q

True or False.
Starling forces are easy to measure experimentally.

A

False. They are difficult to measure because the value of the variables in different situations and in different locations is the subject of much debate

66
Q

Flux vs. flow?

A

Flux= flow along a defined membrane surface area

67
Q

Starling forces can describe tissue (swelling/bleeding) in a wide variety of situations.

A

Swelling.
Inflammmation/infection.
Changes in pressure within the circulation

68
Q

_________particles can move across a membrane based on electrostatic forces

A

charged

CHARGED=ELECTROSTATIC FORCES

69
Q

____________ particles can move across a membrane based on their concentration gradient
Energy โ€œpoweringโ€

A

Dissolved

DISSOLVED=CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

70
Q

Which equation tells us:

Diffusional forces and electrical fields are very small at large distances
(Distribution of ions very close to either side of the membrane)

The charge of the particle

The ratio of the particleโ€™s concentration intracellular: extracellular

A

Nernst potential

71
Q

What does the Nernst potential NOT include?

A

The flow of ions (current)

The resistance of the membranes to flow

72
Q
A
72
Q

๐ธ๐‘ƒ= ((โˆ’60๐‘š๐‘‰))/๐‘๐‘ ๐‘™๐‘œ๐‘”10 [๐‘ƒ]๐‘–/[๐‘ƒ]๐‘œ

What equation is this?

A

Nernst potential

73
Q

(NP)
Ep= __________

A

The membrane voltage at which a particle (P) moves in and our of the cell at the same rate (EQUALIBRIUM)

74
Q

(NP)
Zp=__________

A

The charge and valence of P (anions are negative)

75
Q

(NP)
[๐‘ƒ]๐‘–/[๐‘ƒ]๐‘œ =____________

A

ratio of intracellular: extracellular concentrations a P

76
Q

Nernst potential describes the ________ across a membrane that is permeable to P given the ratio of ____________

A

voltage

of [P] inside: outside

77
Q

Because living cells always have a membrane potential that is established by selective transporters and channels, it is helpful to understand what?

A

Nernst potential

78
Q

What functions (3) do the charge and ion balance serve?

A

1.) cellular signaling
2.) transport of substances
3.) regulation of cell volume

79
Q

A neuron relies on an inside-(negative/positve) membrane potential for the purposes of signaling

A

negative

80
Q

The membrane potential is about______ mV in many neurons

A

-75

81
Q

The Nernst potential for potassium is close to _____mV

A

-90

Physiology (11 decks)

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