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Higher History > Liberal Reforms > Flashcards

Liberal Reforms Flashcards

1
Q

In which period of time did the Liberal Reforms occur?

A

1906-1911

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2
Q

State 3 benefits of the National Health Insurance scheme.

A
  • Kept families out of poverty when a worker fell ill
  • Workers payed towards the scheme meaning they still had self-respect
  • 15 million workers covered
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3
Q

When was the National Insurance Act passed?

A

1911

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4
Q

State 2 drawbacks of the National Health Insurance scheme.

A
  • Many workers were sick for longer than 26 weeks
  • It didn’t cover hospital treatment, dentists or opticians
  • It didn’t cover the family
  • It was self-contributory
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5
Q

What hospital treatment was included in the National Health Insurance scheme?

A

Treatment for tuberculosis

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6
Q

Which professions were included in unemployment insurance? Why?

A
  • Shipbuilding, building + construction, saw-milling, car manufacturers, iron-founding , mechanical engineering
  • Jobs thought to be most affected by seasonal unemployment
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7
Q

How many workers were covered by unemployment insurance in total?

A

2.3 million

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8
Q

Who contributed to the unemployment insurance + with how much?

A
  • Worker, 2.5 pence per week
  • Employer, 2.5 pence per week
  • Government, 2.5 pence per week
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9
Q

What was negative about the contributors to unemployment insurance?

A

Enforced pay cut (obligatory unlike health insurance)

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10
Q

Name 3 acts directed at children + state their purposes.

A
  • Education (Provision for School Meals) 1906, free school meals
  • Education (Administration of Provisions) 1907, free medical inspections
  • Children’s Charter 1908, borstals + juvenile courts, no living on the streets + others
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11
Q

What was provided for the elderly?

A

Old Age Pension

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12
Q

How old did you have to be to qualify for a pension?

A

70

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13
Q

How much did you receive from a state pension?

A

1-5 shillings per week

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14
Q

State 2 limitations of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act.

A
  • Was not compulsory till 1914, many authorities chose not to provide school meals
  • By 1911, less than 1/3 provided school meals
  • During holidays, children would starve as they had no access to school meals
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15
Q

Which area was providing school meals illegally before the act?

A

Bradford

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16
Q

How many shillings did sick workers receive per week for the first 13 weeks?

A

10 shillings

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17
Q

How many shillings did sick workers receive per week for the second 13 weeks?

A

5 shillings (until the reduction was abolished)

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18
Q

Who contributed to the National Health Insurance scheme and with how much?

A
  • Worker, 4 pence per week
  • Employer, 3 pence per week
  • Government, 2 pence per week
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19
Q

What was negative about the contributors to National Health Insurance scheme?

A
  • Effectively a 4 pence pay cut

- Tipped some people into poverty

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20
Q

Who was eligible for the National Health Insurance Scheme?

A

Workers between 16-60 earning less than £160 per year

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21
Q

Who was neglected by the National Health Insurance scheme?

A
  • Self-employed
  • Anyone above £160 (even slightly above)
  • Families of those insured
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22
Q

State 3 benefits of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act.

A
  • Children were no longer starving while learning with 1 free meal per day
  • No longer entirely the parents’ responsibility if their child was malnourished
  • Government was moving away from lassez-faire
  • Provided 14 million children with food in 1914
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23
Q

What tax was raised to pay for school meals? What was this tax based on?

A
  • Rates

- Local tax based on property value

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24
Q

State 3 benefits of the Education (Administration of Provisions) Act.

A
  • Compulsory so every child who was ill could be identified
  • Parents would be notified of a child’s illness to allow something to be done
  • It revealed the extent of illness in Britain
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25
Q

What age groups were not included in the Education (Administration of Provisions) Act?

A
  • Older children (teenagers)

- Adults

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26
Q

State 2 drawbacks of the Children’s Charter.

A
  • Laws took a long time to put in place + was difficult to do so
  • Hard to enforce age restrictions
  • Parents didn’t like the government interfering with their lives
  • Didn’t address the underlying problem of poverty
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27
Q

Under what age would it be illegal to sell alcohol to a child?

A

Under 18

28
Q

What were 2 limitations of the Shop Act?

A
  • 60 hours per week was still a long time to spend working
  • Many shop assistants were female so there was no-one to look after the children during long hours
  • Still no minimum wage
29
Q

When was the Shop Act passed?

A

1911

30
Q

Was the Shop Act passed before or after the Labour Exchange act?

A

After

31
Q

State 3 benefits of unemployment insurance.

A
  • 2.3 million were insured
  • Prevented some from falling into poverty after losing their job
  • People didn’t need to wait too long for an income after becoming unemployed
  • Government admitted becoming unemployed wasn’t always employee’s fault
32
Q

What did WWII do to destabilise unemployment insurance?

A
  • The unemployment rate was raised above 10%

- Unemployment insurance was only supposed to work to an unemployment rate of 5%

33
Q

State 3 benefits of the Labour Exchange Act?

A
  • 1 million people were employed through Labour Exchanges by 1914
  • Allowed people to find work faster
  • Allowed employers to advertise vacancies
  • 3000 people per day found work through Labour Exchanges by 1914
34
Q

When was the Labour Exchange Act passed?

A

1909

35
Q

State 3 benefits of the Coal Mines Act.

A
  • Looked after the health of those working in the mines for long durations (which could be mentally + physically damaging)
  • Showed the government were getting involved in protecting workers in dangerous professions
  • First time set hours had been put in place for men
36
Q

What was the max number of hours someone could work in the mines?

A

8 hours

37
Q

What were 2 drawbacks of the Coal Mines Act?

A
  • Only impacted miners and ignored other labour professions
  • Prevented some from working more hours to earn extra pay
  • Didn’t implement a minimum wage and so didn’t help prevent poverty
38
Q

When was the Coal Mines Act passed?

A

1908

39
Q

Was the Coals Mines Act passed before or after the National Insurance Act?

A

Before

40
Q

Describe 2 benefits of the Shop Act.

A
  • Before the Shop Act, shop assistants had to work 7 days per week. The Act gave them more free time + better hours
  • Improved mental health due to more free time + time with families
  • Same wages for less work, made conditions more fair
41
Q

How many hours could shop workers work per week after the Shop Act?

A

Up to 60 hours per week

42
Q

State 2 drawbacks of the Trade Boards Act.

A
  • It didn’t manage to set a minimum wage for those in sweated trades (one of the main goals)
  • There was a limited amount of action (predominantly discussions)
  • Conditions were still poor
43
Q

What did the Trade Boards Act set up to help workers?

A

A negotiating board to discuss rights of workers

44
Q

When was the Trade Boards Act passed?

A

1909

45
Q

Name 3 benefits of the Trade Boards Act.

A
  • Led to discussions on working conditions + long hours + low wages
  • Attempts to better manage private “sweatshops”
  • First main time questioning conditions of female workplace
46
Q

What counted as “sweated” trades? Why were they “sweated”?

A
  • Tailoring, lacemaking, etc
  • Had to work in around 27 degrees to keep cotton at the correct temperature
  • Small rooms
47
Q

State 3 benefits of the Workman’s Compensation Act.

A
  • Increased upon an already effective act
  • Held employers responsible for their workplaces
  • Improved conditions
  • Prevented a worker from falling into poverty immediately after being injured
48
Q

How many more people were covered by the Workman’s Compensation Act after it was extended?

A

6 million

49
Q

State 2 drawbacks of the Workman’s Compensation Act.

A
  • Many trades still had no minimum wage or set working hours
  • Due to lack of hours + minimum wage, the act had little impact on helping poverty
  • Workers struggled to justify their claim and so would receive nothing
50
Q

In what year was the Workman’s Compensation Act redone?

A

1906

51
Q

State 3 benefits of the Children’s Charter.

A
  • Children were no longer allowed to live on the streets without receiving an education
  • Given status as protected persons
  • Provided helps a right rather than a charitable donation
  • Protected children from dangerous adult prisons (e.g. juvenile courts, etc)
52
Q

What was forbidden by law for animals but not for children?

A

Cruelty to animals was forbidden but cruelty to children was allowed

53
Q

State 2 drawbacks of the Education (Administrations of Provisions) Act.

A
  • Only diagnosed children with no free treatment available
  • Parents couldn’t afford doctors so children were left untreated
  • Scale of the problem was massive, 650,000 needed treatment
54
Q

What was the “task” given to the Inter-Departmental Committee in relation to the Education (Administration of Provisions) Act?

A

To improve the health of children “without any change on public funds”

55
Q

State 2 drawbacks of the Old Age Pensions Act.

A
  • People who didn’t rely on a pensions resented that they had to pay more tax
  • Amount received (1-5 shillings) was under the poverty line (7 shillings)
  • Age required to be eligible (70) was much higher than the age most people stopped working (50)
  • Had to be British, not have received poor relief recently, or not have been in prison for the last 10 years to receive it
56
Q

Before the Pensions Act, where was any financial support for the elderly collected from?

A

Poor houses

57
Q

State 3 benefits of the Old Age Pensions Act.

A
  • Government had taken some responsibility for the elderly
  • Relieved the burden elderly had on families
  • Help was given as a right, not as charity
  • Removed stigma of collecting poor relief
58
Q

What number of people were claiming pensions by 1914?

A

970,000

59
Q

How much did unemployed workers receive and for how long?

A

7 shillings for 15 weeks

60
Q

Why was the money unemployed workers received beneficial to them?

A
  • People didn’t immediately fall into poverty after becoming unemployed
  • Didn’t have to survive too long without an income
61
Q

Was the amount unemployed workers received above, below, or equal to the poverty line?

A

Equal

62
Q

State 2 drawbacks of unemployment insurance.

A
  • Covered very small percentage of workers
  • Many were unemployed for more than 15 weeks
  • Obligatory pay cut which was resented
  • Employment rate had to remain at 5%
  • No support for family
63
Q

What trade would have benefited from unemployment insurance but didn’t receive it?

A

Agriculture

64
Q

What did the Labour Exchanges Act do + what were labour exchanges?

A
  • Set up places people could go to find work

- Basically job centres, listings of unemployed workers + job vacancies

65
Q

How many labour exchanges had been set up by 1913?

A

430

66
Q

State 2 drawbacks of labour exchanges.

A
  • Weren’t able to give workers more mobility (one of the aims for the act)
  • Not supported by some industries/trade unions so not all jobs were listed
  • Weren’t obligatory for employers or employees so some vacancies/workers weren’t listed
  • Work still hard to find + wages still low
  • Most positions were part-time or temporary
67
Q

How many people were employed per day by labour exchanges by 1914?

A

3,000

Higher History (16 decks)

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