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Science for Medicine A > Life at the Cellular Level > Flashcards

Life at the Cellular Level Flashcards

1
Q

Making/breaking C-C bonds

A

Cleavage of glucose during glycolysis

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2
Q

Internal rearrangements

A

Glucose-6-phosphate&raquo_space;> Fructose-6-phosphate (phosphohexose isomerase)

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3
Q

Group Transfer

A

ATP provides energy

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4
Q

Condensations and Hydrolyses

A

Subunits of proteins, polysaccharides and nucleic acids

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5
Q

Chemical reactions of life

A 
Redox
Making and breaking C-C bonds
Internal rearrangements
Group transfers
Condensation and hydrolysis
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6
Q

Why are cells so small

A

To maximise ratio of surface area to volume- waste gets out quickly and nutrients move in more quickly

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7
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Bacteria
Lack of nuclear membrane
No mitochondria
No membrane bound structures

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8
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Human cells
Multicellular animals and plants
Nucleus with membrane
Membrane bound structures

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9
Q

Stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into many types (multipotent) or all cell types of the body (pluripotent)

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10
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Series of changes due to gene expression or cell fusions

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11
Q

Function of Plasma Membrane

A 
Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Intracellular joining
Enzymatic activity
cell-cell recognition
Receptors for signal transduction
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
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12
Q

Cell adhesion

A

Tight junctions
Adhesive junctions ( adherens and desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)
Gap Junctions

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13
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Create a physical barrier for diffusion across layers of cells and are calcium dependent

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14
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Link actin filaments in two cells such as epithelial cells

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15
Q

Desmosomes

A

Link keratin filaments in two different cells

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16
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Only joins on side that links epithelial cell to basement membrane

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17
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channels that link two cell cytoplasms together

Contain connexinx: 6 subunit membrane spanning proteins

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18
Q

Types of cell signalling

A 
Contact dependent
Paracrine
Synaptic
Endocrine
Autocrine
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19
Q

Cell organelles

A 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
ER
Lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cell surface projections
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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rod shaped organelle which converts nutrients and oxygen to ATP

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

an organelle containing degrading enzymes

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22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structure that helps maintain cell shape and internal organisation
Facilitates movement through three main components: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

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23
Q

Cell surface projections

A

Cilia (short) and Flagella (longer)

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

RER- site of membrane and secretory protein synthesis

SER- site of phospholipid synthesis and detoxification of compounds

25
Golgi Apparatus
Received membrane vesicles from the RER, further modifies the proteins and then packages them. It fuses with cell membrane and releases them
26
Entropy
measure of disorder
27
2 laws that govern energy change
1. Energy can be converted to one form from another but remains constant 2. All energy transformation leads to an increase in entropy
28
Gibbs Free Energy
Energy in a closed system
29
Enthalpy
Heat released
30
Catabolism
favourable>>>produces energy
31
Anabolism
unfavourable>>>>requires energy
32
Spontaneous reactions____
Move towards equilibrium but never reach it
33
Metabolism in what organ generates the most heat
Liver
34
O atoms in H20 are _____ which attracts H of the covalent bond
Electronegative
35
Electronegative
The tendency for an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself
36
H bonds are strongest when the 3 atoms in water are
in a straight line
37
Amphipatic
Hydrophobic and Hydophillic
38
Proteins are water soluble due to____
the amino acids that are hydrophillic on the outside
39
Hydrophobic lipids are transported in the blood in___
Chylomicrons
40
KW =
Ion product of water | 1 X 10^-14 M^2
41
Ionisation of water
Keq = [H+][OH-]/H20
42
Why does pure water have a pH of 7
>Kw tells you that [H+] [OH-] = 1.00 x 10-14 >In pure water the hydrogen ion concentration must be equal to the hydroxide ion concentration >[H+]^2 = 1.00 x 10-14 > Square root of each side: [H+] = 1.00 x 10-7 mol dm-3 >pH = - log10 [H+] >pH = 7
43
1 PH unit =
Ten fold increase or decrease in [H+] pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 H+ ion concentration and pH relate inversely. OH- ion concentration and pH relate directly.
44
Conjugate acid pair
Weak acid (proton donor) and weak base (proton acceptor)
45
Strength of acid depends on____
ability to lose a proton [H+]
46
The lower the Pka
the stronger the acid
47
Bicarbonate Buffer System
``` Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) weak base neutralises Acids Carbonic Acid (H2Co3)- weak acid neutralises any bases (urea) ```
48
Substrate level phosphorylation
Formation of ATP by direct transfer of phosphate molecule to ADP
49
Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH ^2 to O^ 2 by a series of electron carriers
50
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
51
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
52
NAD
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
53
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
54
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
55
tRNA
carrying an amino acid to the protein synthetic machinery of a cell (ribosome) as directed by a 3-nucleotide sequence (codon) in a messenger RNA (mRNA)
56
mRNA
Transfer of DNA to RNA
57
rRNA
Part of the ribosome and is responsible for reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together
58
DNA
D-2-deoxyribonucleic acid | Removal of OH group and replaced by H at Carbon 2
59
RNA
D-ribose sugar | Ribonucleic acid

Science for Medicine A (31 decks)

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