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texes exam review > Life Science 11F > Flashcards

Life Science 11F Flashcards

1
Q

This is another name for a condensation reaction

A

dehydration synthesis

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2
Q

This is another name for dehydration synthesis

A

condensation reaction

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3
Q

The monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

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4
Q

The polymer of carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

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5
Q

The monomer of proteins

A

amino acids

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6
Q

The polymer of proteins

A

protein (polypeptide)

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7
Q

The monomer of lipids

A

fatty acid and glycerol

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8
Q

The polymer of lipids

A

lipids

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9
Q

The monomer of nucleic acids

A

nucleotide

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10
Q

The polymer of nucleic acid

A

nucleic acid

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11
Q

Name the three parts of nucleotide

A

nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar

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12
Q

What does a phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with?

A

phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

How are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA abbreviated?

A

A,G,C,U

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14
Q

This have instructions that tell your cells to make proteins

A

Nucleotides

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15
Q

What is type of bases are found on nucleotides?

A

nitrogen bases

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16
Q

What is a long chain of nucleotides called?

A

nucleic acid

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17
Q

The five-carbon sugar in RNA is called

A

ribose

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18
Q

Adenine and thymine are linked by

A

two covalent bonds

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19
Q

Cytosine and guanine are linked by

A

three covalent bonds

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20
Q

True or false? The guanine and cytosine bonds are harder to break apart than thymine and adenine.

A

True

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21
Q

True or false? The thymine and adenine bonds are harder to break apart than the guanine and cytosine bonds

A

False

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22
Q

What holds the left strand and the right strand together in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

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23
Q

Why is DNA named differently compared to RNA?

A

The only difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2’) carbon in the ring.

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24
Q

DNA or RNA? Long-term storage of genetic information

A

DNA

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25
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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26
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

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27
Q

How many rings do purine have?

A

2 rings

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28
Q

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

A

1 ring

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29
Q

How many different amino acids exist?

A

20

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30
Q

How are proteins different from polypeptides?

A

Proteins are made up of polypeptides. Polypeptides are chains of amino acids together.

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31
Q

For proteins, how do amino acids differ from one another?

A

They have the same structure with a different R group.

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32
Q

The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the _______ group.

A

Amino group

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33
Q

The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ______ group.

A

Carboxyl group

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34
Q

Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions?

A

Enzymes

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35
Q

What are the elements that make up proteins?

A

C,H,O, N

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36
Q

What is the acidity/basicity of an amino acid?

A

The amino group is basic, the carboxyl group is acidic.

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37
Q

What is an example of how proteins are used for motion?

A

Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in the muscle

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38
Q

Enzymes are sensitive to _____ and _____

A

temperature and pH

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39
Q

What is the purpose of using an enzyme?

A

They can make a chemical reaction go faster.

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40
Q

How is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis different?

A

Dehydration synthesis is used to link monomers together and hydrolysis is used to break down polymers into monomers.

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41
Q

This is the energy barrier that a reaction must overcome to proceed

A

Activation energy

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42
Q

How do enzymes lower activation energy?

A

By stabilizing the transition state between the substrate and the product

43
Q

What is delta G in a reaction?

A

It correlates with the energy required to reaction equilibrium.

44
Q

I am the biomolecule in charge of making hormones

A

Proteins. One example of a hormone that proteins make are insulin.

45
Q

I am the biomolecule used to combat foreign substances on the body.

A

Proteins. This is a type of protein called an antibody.

46
Q

Why are antibodies important for humans?

A

It is your immune system’s way of protecting you from infection.

47
Q

Describe the shape of an antibody

A

It is in a y shape

48
Q

I am the biomolecule that allows for structure and support for cells.

A

Protein

49
Q

I am the biomolecule that allows for transport of substances in the body

A

Protein

50
Q

I am the biomolecule that transmits signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.

A

Protein

51
Q

I am a biomolecule that helps with transport. I bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.

A

Protein

52
Q

What holds amino acids together?

A

a peptide bond

53
Q

Covalent bonds linking one amino acid to the other

A

peptide bond

54
Q

Where does a peptide bond form?

A

Between a carbon atom of one amino acid and a nitrogen atom of the other amino acid. The end of a protein with a free nitrogen atom is referred to as the N-terminus, while the other end of a protein with a free carbon atom is referred to as the C-terminus.

55
Q

What is the acid part of the amino acid?

A

carboxyl

56
Q

What is the amino part of the amino acid?

A

the amine group

57
Q

Draw out the structure of an amino acid

A

Check answer

58
Q

Draw out the structure of a nucleotide

A

Check answer

59
Q

How are antibodies and pathogens related?

A

Pathogens have antibodies on them that have a specific shape.

60
Q

How doess antibodies and antigen interact with each other?

A

Antigens have specific shapes. Antibodies are y-shaped proteins where they are designed to attach to specific antigens.

61
Q

What makes antibodies in the human body?

A

white blood cells

62
Q

Anything that the body recognizes as being foreign

A

Antigen

63
Q

Do the antibodies act for or against antigens?

A

Against

64
Q

What is the general chemical monosaccharide formula?

A

CN H2N ON

65
Q

What three elements are common to carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

66
Q

Which polymer is stored for energy by animals?

A

Glycogen

67
Q

Which polymer is stored for energy by plants?

A

Starch

68
Q

Which polymer creates the outer boundary of plant cells?

A

Cellulose

69
Q

What happens with dehydration synthesis using monosaccharides?

A

This is how monosacharies are linked together. Water is removed from 2 monosaccharides - resulting in a covalent bond between the two molecules.

70
Q

A chemical reaction in which a molecules of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.

A

Hydrolysis

71
Q

This is a process that breaks polymers into monomers

A

hydrolysis

72
Q

This is a process that combines monomers to make polymers

A

dehydration synthesis

73
Q

I am the biomolecule that helps with energy production and energy storage.

A

carbohydrates

74
Q

I am the biomolecule that helps in building macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

I am the macromolecule that spare protein and lipids for other uses

A

Carbohydrates

76
Q

Excess glucose is stored as what in the body?

A

glycogen

77
Q

I am the biomolecule that makes up the bilayer that coats every cell in our body.

A

Lipids

78
Q

What biomolecules make up the cell membrane?

A

Lipids and proteins

79
Q

This gives the cell membrane flexibility

A

cholesterol

80
Q

This stabilizes the interactions between the phospholipids and prevent the membrane from getting too fluid or too flexible.

A

cholesterol

81
Q

What makes up the structure of lipids?

A

a glycerol head and fatty acid tail

82
Q

What makes up saturated fatty acids?

A

A long chain of C-C bonds

83
Q

This type of fat is solid at room temperature

A

saturated fat

84
Q

This type of fat is not solid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fat

85
Q

What makes up unsaturated fat?

A

Long chains of C bonds (some double bonds). The shape is crooked/not straight.

86
Q

What occurs in an unsaturated fat, due to the double (or triple) bonds included in it?

A

There is less space for hydrogen

87
Q

Which one is considered to be healthier for you: saturated fats or unsaturated fats?

A

unsaturated fats

88
Q

Which lipid gives cells their flexibility?

A

cholesterol

89
Q

Why are saturated fats less healthy?

A

A diet rich in saturated fats can drive up total cholesterol, and tip the balance toward more harmful LDL cholesterol, which prompts blockages to form in arteries in the heart and elsewhere in the body.

90
Q

Other than membrane fluidity, what is a way that cholesterol helps the cell membranes?

A

By reducing the permeability of the cell membrane. Cholesterol helps to restrict the passage of molecules by increasing the density of the packing of phospholipids.

91
Q

The excess energy from the food we eat is digested and incorporated into

A

Adipose tissue, or fat tissue

92
Q

I am the biomolecule used for insulation

A

Lipids

93
Q

I am the biomolecules responsible for the transport of fat-soluble nutrients.

A

Lipids

94
Q

These compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon atoms in them

A

Organic compounds

95
Q

They do not possess hydrogen or oxygen, and their derivatives

A

Inorganic compounds

96
Q

This type of compound consists of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and their other derivatives

A

Organic compounds

97
Q

Organic compounds or inorganic compounds? They are said to be more volatile and also highly inflammable.

A

Organic compounds

98
Q

Organic compound or inorganic compound? These compounds exist in the form of solids, gases, and liquids.

A

Organic componds

99
Q

Organic compound or inorganic compound? These exist as solids

A

Inorganic compound

100
Q

Organic compound or inorganic compound? These are insoluble in water

A

Organic compound

101
Q

Organic compound or inorganic compound? These are soluble in water and also non-soluble in some of the organic solutions

A

Inorganic compound

102
Q

Organic or inorganic compounds? form covalent bonds

A

Organic compounds

103
Q

Organic or inorganic compounds?

A

Form ionic bonds between the atoms of molecules

104
Q

How do plants use starch?

A

Starch is a polymer made by plants for energy storage.

texes exam review (13 decks)

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