Life Science 11F Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
This is another name for a condensation reaction
A
dehydration synthesis
2
Q
This is another name for dehydration synthesis
A
condensation reaction
3
Q
The monomer of carbohydrates
A
monosaccharide
4
Q
The polymer of carbohydrates
A
polysaccharides
5
Q
The monomer of proteins
A
amino acids
6
Q
The polymer of proteins
A
protein (polypeptide)
7
Q
The monomer of lipids
A
fatty acid and glycerol
8
Q
The polymer of lipids
A
lipids
9
Q
The monomer of nucleic acids
A
nucleotide
10
Q
The polymer of nucleic acid
A
nucleic acid
11
Q
Name the three parts of nucleotide
A
nitrogenous base, phosphate group, and pentose sugar
12
Q
What does a phosphate molecule of a nucleotide bond with?
A
phosphodiester bond
13
Q
How are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA abbreviated?
A
A,G,C,U
14
Q
This have instructions that tell your cells to make proteins
A
Nucleotides
15
Q
What is type of bases are found on nucleotides?
A
nitrogen bases
16
Q
What is a long chain of nucleotides called?
A
nucleic acid
17
Q
The five-carbon sugar in RNA is called
A
ribose
18
Q
Adenine and thymine are linked by
A
two covalent bonds
19
Q
Cytosine and guanine are linked by
A
three covalent bonds
20
Q
True or false? The guanine and cytosine bonds are harder to break apart than thymine and adenine.
A
True
21
Q
True or false? The thymine and adenine bonds are harder to break apart than the guanine and cytosine bonds
A
False
22
Q
What holds the left strand and the right strand together in DNA?
A
hydrogen bonds
23
Q
Why is DNA named differently compared to RNA?
A
The only difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2’) carbon in the ring.
24
Q
DNA or RNA? Long-term storage of genetic information
A
DNA
25
Which bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
26
Which bases are pyrimidines?
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
27
How many rings do purine have?
2 rings
28
How many rings do pyrimidines have?
1 ring
29
How many different amino acids exist?
20
30
How are proteins different from polypeptides?
Proteins are made up of polypeptides. Polypeptides are chains of amino acids together.
31
For proteins, how do amino acids differ from one another?
They have the same structure with a different R group.
32
The NH2 part of the amino acid is called the _______ group.
Amino group
33
The COOH part of the amino acid is called the ______ group.
Carboxyl group
34
Which group of proteins help to start chemical reactions?
Enzymes
35
What are the elements that make up proteins?
C,H,O, N
36
What is the acidity/basicity of an amino acid?
The amino group is basic, the carboxyl group is acidic.
37
What is an example of how proteins are used for motion?
Actin and myosin are contractile proteins in the muscle
38
Enzymes are sensitive to _____ and _____
temperature and pH
39
What is the purpose of using an enzyme?
They can make a chemical reaction go faster.
40
How is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis different?
Dehydration synthesis is used to link monomers together and hydrolysis is used to break down polymers into monomers.
41
This is the energy barrier that a reaction must overcome to proceed
Activation energy
42
How do enzymes lower activation energy?
By stabilizing the transition state between the substrate and the product
43
What is delta G in a reaction?
It correlates with the energy required to reaction equilibrium.
44
I am the biomolecule in charge of making hormones
Proteins. One example of a hormone that proteins make are insulin.
45
I am the biomolecule used to combat foreign substances on the body.
Proteins. This is a type of protein called an antibody.
46
Why are antibodies important for humans?
It is your immune system's way of protecting you from infection.
47
Describe the shape of an antibody
It is in a y shape
48
I am the biomolecule that allows for structure and support for cells.
Protein
49
I am the biomolecule that allows for transport of substances in the body
Protein
50
I am the biomolecule that transmits signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Protein
51
I am a biomolecule that helps with transport. I bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.
Protein
52
What holds amino acids together?
a peptide bond
53
Covalent bonds linking one amino acid to the other
peptide bond
54
Where does a peptide bond form?
Between a carbon atom of one amino acid and a nitrogen atom of the other amino acid. The end of a protein with a free nitrogen atom is referred to as the N-terminus, while the other end of a protein with a free carbon atom is referred to as the C-terminus.
55
What is the acid part of the amino acid?
carboxyl
56
What is the amino part of the amino acid?
the amine group
57
Draw out the structure of an amino acid
Check answer
58
Draw out the structure of a nucleotide
Check answer
59
How are antibodies and pathogens related?
Pathogens have antibodies on them that have a specific shape.
60
How doess antibodies and antigen interact with each other?
Antigens have specific shapes. Antibodies are y-shaped proteins where they are designed to attach to specific antigens.
61
What makes antibodies in the human body?
white blood cells
62
Anything that the body recognizes as being foreign
Antigen
63
Do the antibodies act for or against antigens?
Against
64
What is the general chemical monosaccharide formula?
CN H2N ON
65
What three elements are common to carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
66
Which polymer is stored for energy by animals?
Glycogen
67
Which polymer is stored for energy by plants?
Starch
68
Which polymer creates the outer boundary of plant cells?
Cellulose
69
What happens with dehydration synthesis using monosaccharides?
This is how monosacharies are linked together. Water is removed from 2 monosaccharides - resulting in a covalent bond between the two molecules.
70
A chemical reaction in which a molecules of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydrolysis
71
This is a process that breaks polymers into monomers
hydrolysis
72
This is a process that combines monomers to make polymers
dehydration synthesis
73
I am the biomolecule that helps with energy production and energy storage.
carbohydrates
74
I am the biomolecule that helps in building macromolecules
Carbohydrates
75
I am the macromolecule that spare protein and lipids for other uses
Carbohydrates
76
Excess glucose is stored as what in the body?
glycogen
77
I am the biomolecule that makes up the bilayer that coats every cell in our body.
Lipids
78
What biomolecules make up the cell membrane?
Lipids and proteins
79
This gives the cell membrane flexibility
cholesterol
80
This stabilizes the interactions between the phospholipids and prevent the membrane from getting too fluid or too flexible.
cholesterol
81
What makes up the structure of lipids?
a glycerol head and fatty acid tail
82
What makes up saturated fatty acids?
A long chain of C-C bonds
83
This type of fat is solid at room temperature
saturated fat
84
This type of fat is not solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fat
85
What makes up unsaturated fat?
Long chains of C bonds (some double bonds). The shape is crooked/not straight.
86
What occurs in an unsaturated fat, due to the double (or triple) bonds included in it?
There is less space for hydrogen
87
Which one is considered to be healthier for you: saturated fats or unsaturated fats?
unsaturated fats
88
Which lipid gives cells their flexibility?
cholesterol
89
Why are saturated fats less healthy?
A diet rich in saturated fats can drive up total cholesterol, and tip the balance toward more harmful LDL cholesterol, which prompts blockages to form in arteries in the heart and elsewhere in the body.
90
Other than membrane fluidity, what is a way that cholesterol helps the cell membranes?
By reducing the permeability of the cell membrane. Cholesterol helps to restrict the passage of molecules by increasing the density of the packing of phospholipids.
91
The excess energy from the food we eat is digested and incorporated into
Adipose tissue, or fat tissue
92
I am the biomolecule used for insulation
Lipids
93
I am the biomolecules responsible for the transport of fat-soluble nutrients.
Lipids
94
These compounds are characterized by the presence of carbon atoms in them
Organic compounds
95
They do not possess hydrogen or oxygen, and their derivatives
Inorganic compounds
96
This type of compound consists of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and their other derivatives
Organic compounds
97
Organic compounds or inorganic compounds? They are said to be more volatile and also highly inflammable.
Organic compounds
98
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These compounds exist in the form of solids, gases, and liquids.
Organic componds
99
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These exist as solids
Inorganic compound
100
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These are insoluble in water
Organic compound
101
Organic compound or inorganic compound? These are soluble in water and also non-soluble in some of the organic solutions
Inorganic compound
102
Organic or inorganic compounds? form covalent bonds
Organic compounds
103
Organic or inorganic compounds?
Form ionic bonds between the atoms of molecules
104
How do plants use starch?
Starch is a polymer made by plants for energy storage.
