Life Science Flashcards
0
Q
Cardio/cardiac
A
Heart
1
Q
Arteri/arterio
A
Arteries
2
Q
Cerebr
A
Brain
3
Q
Cervic
A
Neck
4
Q
Crani/cranio
A
Skull
5
Q
Derm
A
Skin
6
Q
Gastro
A
Stomach
7
Q
Gluco/glyco
A
Glucose
8
Q
Hemat
A
Blood
9
Q
Hist/histo
A
Tissue
10
Q
Hyper
A
Extreme beyond
11
Q
Hypo
A
Extreme below
12
Q
Nephr/nephro/ren/reno
A
Kidney
13
Q
Oculo/ocul/opthalm/opthalmo
A
Eyes
14
Q
Or(o)
A
Mouth
15
Q
Ost/osteo/ossi
A
Bones
16
Q
Ot
A
Ear
17
Q
Pneum/pneumo/pulmon/pulmo
A
Lungs
18
Q
Rhino/rhin
A
Nose
19
Q
Somat/somato
A
Body
20
Q
Trache
A
Trachea
21
Q
Tympan(o)
A
Eardrum
22
Q
Vascular
A
Blood vessels
23
Q
Ven
A
Veins
24
Anterior
Front, opposite of posterior
25
Ascending
Traveling up
26
Bilateral
On two sides
27
Descending
Traveling downward
28
Distal
Farther away from beginning, opposite of proximal
29
Dorsal
Pertaining to the human back, opposite of ventral
30
Endo
From inside
31
Epi
On the surface
32
Exo-
From the outside
33
Inferior
Below, opposite of superior
34
Lateral
One side of the body
35
Medial
Middle or inside
36
Peri
Surrounding
37
Posterior
Back, opposite of superior
38
Posterior
Back,opposite of anterior
39
Proximal
Close to the beginning, opposite of distal
40
Superior
Above, opposite of inferior
41
Unilateral
On one side
42
Ventral
Pertaining to the abdomen, opposite of dorsal
43
Frontal lobe controls what functions?
Voluntary actions
Learned motor skills
Higher brain functions (language, thought, planning)
44
Parietal lobe controls what functions?
Processes incoming stimuli, movement, perception, language
Performs calculations
Spatial memory and orientation
45
Occipital lobes control what functions?
Process vision and visual memories
| Visual and spatial orientation
46
Temporal lobe controls what functions?
Control memories and emotion
Short-term/long-term memories
Process sound and vision
47
Basal ganglia controls what functions?
Helps control motor function
48
Thalamus controls what functions?
Routes sensation information to the cortex
| Helps you distinguish between hot and cold etc.
49
The hypothalamus controls what functions?
Regulates some involuntary functions, such as body temperature and appetite
50
What does the limbic system help control?
Helps control emotion and involuntary functions
51
The cerebellum helps control what function?
Center for balance and coordination of the body
52
The medulla oblongata (brain stem) helps control what functions?
Responsible for consciousness and the bodies vital functions; breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing
53
The sensory neurons function as what?
Brings info about a stimulus to the CNS
54
Motor neurons function as what?
Takes information from the CNS to muscle and glands that perform some kind of action
55
The somatic nervous system controls what functions?
Regulated blood pressure, sense pain, or signal that you need to use the restroom
56
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Controls largely involuntary bodily functions such as breathing and digestion.
57
What are the two subsystems of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
58
Sympathetic nervous system controls what function?
Fight or flight response
| Reacts be generating more hormones, energy, and efficient blood flood to vital organs.
59
Parasympathetic nervous system controls what function?
Responsible for calming bodily functions, slowing respiration, and heart rate, resuming digestion, and normalizing other functions
60
What does the hypothalamus secrete?
HGH - regulates the body growth
Parathormone -regulates release of thyroxine from the thyroid
Oxytocin - affects contractions of the uterus during childbirth
Vasopressin - regulates how the kidneys absorb water from the blood
61
What does the pineal gland produce?
Produced melatonin, which regulates your sleeping patterns
62
The pituitary gland secretes a variety of hormones that affect what?
Skin tone, growth, blood pressure, breast milk production, onset labor, metabolism, sexual function, regulation of water temperature and balance, thyroid function
63
The thyroid and parathyroid secrete what?
Thyroid - secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which regulates the body metabolism, growth, and sensitivity to other hormones
Parathyroid - secretes parathormone, which regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood
64
The adrenal gland secretes what?
Secretes fight or flight hormones; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol
65
The pancreas functions in the control of what?
Production of insulin and glucagon, hormones that control the regulation of glucose in the blood to go down
Insulin - causes glucose levels to go down
Glucagon - causes glucose levels to go up
66
The ovaries produce what hormones?
Estrogen - development of secondary female characteristics, helps preserve bone mass and elasticity within the body
Progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus for pregnancy, regulates menstruation
67
What is the function of the process called peristalsis?
Muscles in the esophagus expand and contact to keep the food moving down
68
What are the gastric juices in the stomach?
Mucous, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin
69
Define chyme
The mixture of gastric juices and food
70
What is the function of the duodenum?
To further break down fat, carbohydrates, and proteins
71
What part of the small intestine absorbs nutrients?
Jejunum and ilium with the help of vili
72
What is the function of the liver?
Filters blood
Removes waste, toxins, and bacteria
Removes excess glucose from blood and stores it as glycogen
Secretes bile as a waste product
73
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile secreted from the liver
| Bile contains salts and enzymes that break down fats and remove dead RBC and excess cholesterol
74
What does the colon absorb?
Water and salts
75
What are the by products of the colon bacteria?
Vit K
B12
Riboflavin
These are absorbed by the blood to nourish the body
76
What is the function of the kidney
To filter blood
The nephrons in the kidney is where filtration takes place, removes excess fluid and waste from blood and turns them into urine
77
What is the function of smooth muscle
Perform involuntary movement
| Narrow with only one nucleus
78
What is the function of skeletal muscle
Attached to the bone through tendons
Long, multinucleus fibers
Used in voluntary movement
79
Define seminiferous tubules
Small, coiled tubes within testes where sperm is developed
80
Define Sertoli cells
Support the sperm with in the seminiferous tubules
81
What does leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
82
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Carries sperm to the urethra which passes through the penis
83
Testosterone and other steroid hormones are collectively called what?
Androgens
84
Defines spermatogenesis
Meiotic development of sperm in males
85
What is the alimentary cavity?
The entire pathway food follows through the body
86
Define peristalsis
Wave like muscular action conducted by smooth muscle that lines the gut in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
87
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Controls breathing rate
| Monitors CO2 content in the blood
88
What are the kidneys functions
Form urine to remove nitrogenous waste ( urea)
| Regulate the volume and salt content of the extra cellular fluids
89
The esophagus is part of the ______ system
Digestive
90
How does a Sagittarius section divide the body?
Into right and left regions
91
What nervous system has to deal with the reception of external stimuli and voluntary control of muscles?
Somatic
92
Where would a herniated disc most likely create pain?
Along the sciatic nerve
93
Beriberi is a disease caused by lack of:
Thiamine
| Often found in people whose diet consists largely of polished white ride
94
Hertz (hz) is a unit of frequency defined as:
The number of cycles per seconds of a periodic phenomenon
95
Acid + base --> ?
Salt + water
96
To find acceleration of an object, what would you need to know?
Initial speed
Final speed
Time
97
Average speed is a simple calculation of:
Distance vs time
98
Name types of proteins and examples
```
Hormonal - insulin, glucagon
Transport - hemoglobin, carrier proteins
Structural - collagen
Contractile - myosin, actin
Antibodies - immunoglobulin, interferon
Enzymes - amylase, lipase, ATPase
```
99
What is the first step in the path to ATP?
Glycolysis
100
Glycolysis takes ____ and breaks it down to ____
Takes glucose and breaks it down to 2 pyruvate molecules
101
What is fermentation?
Glycolysis with the absence of oxygen, NADH is regenerated to NAD+ to continue to produce ATP. Ethanol and lactic acid are produced as by products
102
Glycolysis takes 1 glucose and produces _____
2 ATP and 2 NADH
103
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
104
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
105
What kind of cells contain chloroplast?
Mesophyl
106
What part of a leave regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide
Stomata
107
Describe transcription
RNA is produced when a gene segment of DNA is read by RNA, acquires a complimentary gene sequence
108
Describe translation
Gene sequence carried by RNA is read and appropriated into a sequence of amino acids
109
Where are ribosomes synthesized?
Nucleolus
110
Smooth ER is involved in _____
Lipid synthesis
111
Rough ER is involved is ______
Protein synthesis
112
What does the Golgi do?
Modifies protein, ships the vesicles to their next stop
113
Lysosomes contain _______ and are involved in ______
Hydrolytic enzymes; intracellular digestion
114
What is the function of peroxisomes
Break fat into smaller molecules that can be used for food
115
What is the function of glyoxysomes?
Convert fats to sugars
116
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
117
Where does ATP production occur?
Mitochondria matrix
118
Describe osmosis
Diffusion of water from low concentration to high concentration
119
Hypertonic
Water will flow out, cell will shrink
120
Hypotonic
Water will flow in; cell will swell
121
Diffusion
Movement of dissolved particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration
122
Passive vs. facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins in the membrane to get particles across the gradient while passive diffusion doesn't
123
Active transport
Movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient
124
Uniport proteins
Carry a single solute across the membrane
125
Symport protein
Translocates 2 different solutes in the same direction simultaneously
126
Antiport proteins
Exchange 2 solutes by transporting one into the cell and the other out of the cell
127
What is the reproduction of prokaryotes called?
Binary fission
128
Mitosis
Cell division to produce 2 daughter cells with the same genomes.
Asexual production; mechanism for development, growth, replacement of tissue
129
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction that produces male and female gametes
130
Mechanism use by bacteria to move genes between cells by exchanging circular, extra chromosomal DNA with each other
Conjunction
131
What stages of the cell cycle in mitosis at considered interphase?
G1, S, G2,
132
Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
133
Cytokinesis
Process that complete the split into daughter cells
134
Name a pro and con of asexual reproduction
Pro - allow more rapid population growth
| Con - doesn't creat genetic diversity
135
What are the sex cells produced through meiosis in males and females
Gametes (haploid cells)
136
What is formed in the union of haploid gametes?
Zygote (diploid single-cell)
137
Name the organ that produces gametes
Gonads
138
Males gonads _____ produce male gametes _____
Testes; spermatozoa
139
Females gonads ______ produce _____
Ovaries; ova
140
Germ cell
Cell that is committed to the production of gametes, but not itself a gamete (diploid)
141
How are sex cells reproduced?
Meiosis
142
Meiosis I produces ______, meiosis II involves ______ resulting in _______
2 intermediate daughter cells; the separation of sister chromatids; in 4 genetically distinct haploid cells
143
Where is sperm developed?
Coiled tubes with in the testes called seminiferous tubules
144
What cells make testosterone?
Leydig cells
145
What carries sperm to the urethra through the penis?
Vas deferens
146
Testosterone and other steroid hormones are collectively called
Androgens
147
What is the meiotic development of sperm in males?
Spermatogenesis
148
What animals participate in external reproduction
Fish and amphibians
149
______ is a wavelike muscular action by smooth muscle that lines the gut in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Peristalsis
150
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
151
What enzyme breaks down the complex starch polysaccharide into maltose?
Salivary amylase
152
What vein returns oxygenated blood to the heart
Pulmonary vein
153
Ventricle contraction occurs during _____ part of the cardiac cycle
Systole
154
Atria contract during the ______ part of the cycle
Diastole
155
The most important nervous stimulation of the heart is induced by ________?
Vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system
156
What can increase the heart rate?
Sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine
157
What permits the exchange of materials between the blood and the body's cells?
Capillaries
158
What is the largest lymph vessel
Thoracic duct
159
What Are the main salts in plasma?
Sodium chloride and potassium chloride
160
Where are blood cells formed?
Bone marrow
161
What protein carries oxygen?
Hemoglobin
162
Skin, lining of the lungs, the mouth, and stomach are:
Passive immunity
163
Function of phagocyte
Engulf bacteria with ameboid motion
164
What are the most abundant type of lymphocyts?
B and T cells
165
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies or immunoglobulin
166
_______ is used to drive electron transport and ATP production
Oxygen
167
_______ is produced from burning glucose
Carbon dioxide
168
Breathing rate is controlled by:
Medulla oblongata
169
What part of the brain monitors carbon dioxide content in blood?
Medulla oblongata
170
The ______ adds moisture and warmth to inhaled air, helps to filter it
Nose
171
What protects the body from ultraviolet light?
Melanin
172
What is the purpose of sweat glands
To cool the body
173
What nervous system controls sweating?
Autonomic nervous system
174
What organ removes nitrogenous waste and regulates the volume and salt contents of extra cellular fluids?
Kidneys
175
What system is a network of glands and tissue that secrete hormones?
Endocrine system
176
The pancreas and adrenal cortex are:
Endocrine glands
177
Eat connects the nervous system with the endocrine system and how?
Hypothalamus by releasing hormone like substances called releasing factors
178
What does TSH secrete and where is it located?
Secreted thyroxine. Is located in the anterior pituitary gland
179
ACTH stimulates _______ to secrete ______
Adrenal cortex; corticosteroid
180
What hormone is responsible for milk production?
Prolactin
181
FSH spurs maturation of ______ and _____. It is location in the ________
Seminiferous tubes in males; ovaries in females; anterior pituitary gland
182
LH secrets ______ in males and stimulates ________ in females
Testosterone; ovulation
183
What secretes progesterone and estrogen?
Corpus luteum
184
What hormone acts on kidneys to reduce water loss? Where is it located?
ADC, also known as vasopressin. Located in posterior pituitary
185
What hormone causes uterine contraction? Where is it released from?
Oxytocin, located in posterior pituitary
186
An abnormal ______ causes goiter, decreased heart rate, lethargy, obesity, and decreased mental awareness
Deficiency of thyroxine
187
Produced perspiration, high body temperature, increased basal metabolic rate, high blood pressure, loss of weight, and irrationality are characteristics of:
Hyperthyroidism
188
What hormone regulated phosphate and calcium balance in blood, bones, and other tissues?
Parathyroid hormone
189
How does the exocrine function secrete enzymes?
Through ducts in the small intestine
190
How does the endocrine function secrete hormones?
Directly into the blood stream
191
What hormones is released when glucose hormones are high in the blood stream?
Insulin
192
What hormone responds to low concentrations of blood glucose?
Glucagon, secreted by islets of langerhan
193
______ stimulate ______ to synthesis and secrete the steroid hormone called ______
ACTH; adrenal cortex; corticosteroid
194
Testes produce the hormone _____ and ovaries produce the hormone _______
Testosterone; estrogen
195
______ are specialized cells designed to transmit information
Neurons
196
Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical signals called:
Action potentials
197
What chemical signal is released across a small gap between the neuron and the target cell?
Neurotransmitter
198
Name the gap between the neuron and the target cell
Synaptic cleft
199
The brain and spinal cord are part of what nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS)
200
The peripheral nervous system consists ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves
12; 31
201
What nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement?
Somatic motor nervous system
202
What nervous system regulates the involuntary functions of the body?
Autonomic nervous system
203
What nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, releasing norepinephrine
Sympathetic nervous system
204
What nervous system deactivates or slows down the activities of muscle and glands?
Parasympathetic nervous system
205
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
206
What part of the brain controls all voluntary motor activities
Cerebral cortex
207
Nervous impulses and sensory information are relayed and integrated:
In the thalamus
208
What part of the eye bends and focuses light?
Cornea
209
What part of the eye is suspended by the pupil
Lens
210
The lens focuses the image onto the _____
Retina
211
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
Cons and rods
212
_____ respond to high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to color, while _____ detect low-intensity light and are important to night vision
Cons; rods
213
Where are the olfactory receptors located
Upper part of the nostrils
214
The _____ is the midline basic framework of the body, including the skull, vertebrae column, and rib cage.
Axial skeleton
215
The _______ includes the bones of the appendages as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Appendicular skeleton
216
What muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system? (Involuntary muscle)
Smooth muscle
217
Where is smooth muscle present?
Walls of arteries and veins, digestive tract, bladder, uterus
218
What type of muscle is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated?
Skeletal muscle
219
Actin and myosin filaments are organized into sections called:
Sacromeres
220
Cardiac muscle is regulated by what nervous system?
ANS
221
What is critical for cells to generate energy to energy, maintain the stability of cell walls, and to function in general?
Electrolytes
222
What electrolyte regulates the amount of water in the body
Sodium
223
What electrolyte is essential for normal cell function, regulation of the heart beat, and functions of heart muscle?
Potassium
224
What electrolyte maintains a normal balance of body fluids?
Chloride
225
What electrolyte acts as a buffer to maintain normal levels of acidity?
Bicarbonate
226
What electrolyte is involved in a variety of metabolic activities including laxative of the smooth muscles?
Magnesium
227
What tissue in plants transports nutrients?
Phloem
228
What is the function of cellulose in plants?
Provide structure and support
229
Plants without vascular tissue (moss) are called:
Nontracheophytes
230
Give an example of tracheophytes
Pine, ferns, flowering plants
231
What is the asexual stage of a plants life cycle called?
Sporophyte generation (diploid)
232
What generation of the plant is concerned with the production of male and female gametes?
Gametophyte
233
What develops from the spores made by the sporophyte?
Male gametophyte
234
What develops in the ovule from one of four spores?
Female gametophyte
235
Sperm nucleus fuses with the 2 polar bodies to form the:
Endosperm
236
How many chromosomes do humans have?
23
237
Different versions of a gene are called:
Alleles
238
The types of alleles and organism has is called:
Genotype
239
Is there are two alleles in an individual that determine a trait, these two alleles will separate during gamete formation and act independently:
Law of segregation
240
What law describes the relationship between different genes?
Law of independent assortment
241
The phenomenon in which alleles fail to assort independently because the are on the same chromosome is called:
Linkage
242
Both alleles are expressed partially is an example of :
Incomplete dominance
243
Both alleles are fully expressed without one allele being dominant over another is an example of:
Codominance ( blood types)
244
Humans have how many pair of autosomes?
22
245
Give an example of sex linkage
Color blindness or hemophilia
246
______ are changes in the genes that are inherited
Mutations
247
A piece of chromosome breaks off and rejoins a different chromosome in an event called:
Translocation
248
Non living environment
Abiotic
249
A group of individual members of a species that interbreed and share the same gene pool
Population
250
Interacting populations living together in an environment
Community
251
A living community within an abiotic environment; the interactions between populations; as well as the flow of energy and molecule within the system
Ecosystem
252
Producers and primary consumers are known as:
Trophic levels
253
What are the 8 types of terrestrial biomes?
```
Tropical Forrest
Savannah
Desert
Temperate deciduous Forrest
Northern coniferous Forrest
Taiga
Tundra
Polar region
```
254
What are the 2 aquatic biomes?
Marine
| Freshwater
255
What type of rock are fossils generally found in?
Sedimentary
256
What type of dating is used to determine the age of fossils that are only a few thousand years old?
Carbon dating
257
_______ structures have the same basic anatomical features and evolutionary design.
Homologous structure (wings of bat, flippers of whale)
258
Structure that derive from a common ancestor but diverged to form different functions is called:
Divergent evolution
259
______ structure have similar functions but may have different evolutionary origins and entirely different patterns of development
Analogous ( wings of fly, wings of bird )
260
Wen structures look the same and share a common function but are not derived from a common ancestor it is called:
Convergent evolution
261
Structure that appear to be useless, but had some function in an earlier stage of organisms evolution are called:
Vestigial structures
262
A group of organisms that is able to successfully interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring:
Species
263
Science of classifying living things
Taxonomy
264
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
265
Order of classification division, largest to smallest
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species
266
What are one of the best known protists?
Amoebas and algae
267
______ are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from their environment
Fungi
268
Sea stars and jellyfish a examples of _____ symmetry
Radial
269
Animals with mirror images are examples of _______ symmetry
Bilateral
270
At some stages of early development a stiff solid dorsal rod called the ______ can be observed
Notochord
271
The flowers male organ is known as:
Stamen
272
What part of the flower produces haploid spores?
Anther
273
The flowers female organ is called:
Pistol
274
What part of the flower catches pollen?
Stigma
275
What part of the flowers female organ permits the sperm to reach the ovaries?
Style
276
What is the base of the flowers female organ called?
Ovary
277
What part of the flower attracts insects?
Petals
