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Year 4 equine > Limb Exams > Flashcards

Limb Exams Flashcards

1
Q

What are you feeling for on limb palpation

A

Heat
Swelling
Pain
Bony changes

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2
Q

What is the most proximal carpal join called

A

Antebrachiocarpal

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3
Q

What is the proper name for the check ligament

A

Accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon

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4
Q

What should you look for on your distant exam

A

Both sides
Confirmation
Asymmetry
Muscle wastage
Swelling

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5
Q

What are the correct terms for swayback and roachback

A

Spondylosis and lordosis

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6
Q

Where does tendon sheath effusion stay

A

Behind the suspensory branch

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7
Q

What is a bone spavin

A

Boney swelling at distal tarsal joint

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8
Q

What is a big spavin

A

Effusion in tibial tarsal joint

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9
Q

What nerve do you block with a DP

A

palmar distal

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10
Q

What is the physiology of a bounding digital pulse

A

Injury to foot leading to inflammation and swelling/increased blood flow
As the hoof can’t expand the BP in the digital artery increases causing a bounding pulse

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11
Q

Where do you find the digital pulse

A

The abaxial margin of the lateral and medial sesamoid bones with finger and thumb on either side

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12
Q

What is normal for the digital pulse

A

Faint and hard to feel

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13
Q

What is important to do with hoof testers

A

Use with two hands and work systematically around the hoof and across the heals

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14
Q

How can you further examine the hoof

A

Remove shoe, repeat hoof testing, par the food
Assess discolouration, discharge and white line deviation

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15
Q

How should you manage a suspected fracture

A

Appropriate stabilisation - RJ/cast

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16
Q

AO principles of fracture repair

A

Fracture reduction and fixation to restore anatomical
Fracture fixation providing absolute/relative stability
Preservation of blood supply to soft tissue
Early/safe mobilisation of injured part and patient

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17
Q

What do lag screws do

A

Bridge 2 bone parts into compression, cartilage contour returned as close as possible to normal

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18
Q

Lag screws technique

A

Drill through chip with bit the same size as screw place drill sleeve
Counter sink the screw
Reach far cortex and measure length
Screw into the tapped area in the bone

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19
Q

Position screws

A

Hole drilled to core diameter then screw inserted and thread cuts in

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20
Q

What are the types of plate screw

A

DCP - dynamic compression plates
LC-DCP - limited contact dynamic compression plates
LCP - locking compression plates (screw locks into bone and plate)

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21
Q

Preparation for emergency radiography

A

Restraint
Analgesia
Sedation
Remove bandages
Tail bandage out the way
Find appropriate radiography location - stable area you can guard

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22
Q

Complications of fracture repair

A

Osteomyelitis
Screw loosening
Implant failure
Delayed/non union
Ring sequestrum
Support limb laminitis

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23
Q

First aid of tendon/ligament injuries

A

Reduce inflammation
Provide stability
Reduce tendon loading

24
Q

First aid for the inflammatory phase of tendon injury

A

Nsaids
Steroids
External support
Cold therapy
Confinement

25
When can you use intralesional therapies
Only when a hole/space is present to improve speed)quality of healing
26
How is stem cell therapy used in tendon injury
Autologous graft of mesenchymal stem cells cultured in laboratory and differentiate into tenocytes to promote healing
27
What is platelet rich plasma
Autologous graft of platelets in plasma stimulates angiogenesis and proliferation of tissues
28
What is bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC)
Autologous graft of fluid and cells from bone marrow. Centrifuged to concentrate cells injected under ultrasound guidance Single cell procedure
29
Surgery of tendons
Exposed fibres treated by arthroscopic removal Few lesions amenable to surgical treatment Palmar/plantar annular ligament desmitis - PAL desmotomy SDFT tendonitis - superior check ligament desmotomy Manica flexoria tear - removal DDFT tear - DDFT debridement
30
When should you start exercise after tendon injury
End of inflammatory/start of proliferative phase
31
What is the use of shockwave therapy
Treatment of the junction between bone and soft tissue Temporary lameness improvement with no effects in structure or function
32
Clinical application of shockwave
Variables - number and intensity of shocks - no evidence basis Protocol - weekly/fortnightly for 4-6 weeks Delivered non weight bearing
33
Use of laser
Class 4 Reduces lesions size, increases Doppler signal, changes collagen deposition and improves US fibre pattern No evidence yet of reduced reinjury
34
Contraindications for laser use
Eye exposure Neoplasia Haemorrhage Pregnancy/sec glands
35
Whole body rehab
Water treadmill Swimming Ridden/in hand work with poles etc
36
What are the sections of tendon loading curves
Straightening of crimp Elastic deformation Non-elastic deformation Failure/rupture
37
What is comp
Cartilage oligometric metrix peptide Correlates with tendon elasticity - vary within a tendon
38
What are GAGS
Glycosaminoglycans Components of the extracellular matrix linking collagen fibrils
39
What happens to comp with age
Metacarpal comp decreases with age - up to 5 Metacarpophalangeal comp increases - up to 5
40
Where are inferior check lesion injuries normally most palpable
Lateral side of the proximal third of the forelimb metacarpus
41
What symptom is characteristic of SDFT injury
Palmar bow
42
Clinical signs of tendon injury (inflammatory phase)
Lameness Pain on palpation Heat Swelling Pathology Haemorrhage/inflammation/neutrophils/increased blood flow/oedema
43
Clinical signs/pathology of reparative phase
Reduction of lameness Resolution of inflammation Palpable enlargement Pathology - angiogenesis, fibroplasia, fibroblasts, type 3 collagen, small fibril formation
44
Remodelling/maturation phase signs
Size decreases, tendon less pliable, contracture Collagen transforms 3-1 Cross linking and collagen fibrils
45
Where is strain likely to occur when a tendon has been previously injured
Proximal and distal to the previous injury Cross links are very strained
46
Synoviocenthesis of DIP
Proximal edge of DIP 2cm lateral or medial of midline needles inserted distally
47
Synoviocenthesis of PIP
Difficult 1cm distal to line of medial and lateral eminences for attachment of collateral ligaments
48
Digital flexor tendon sheath synoviocenthesis
Enter on palmar aspect of the pasterns between proximal and distal annular ligaments
49
Metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal synoviocenthesis dorsal approach
Insert needle under lateral edge of the common digital extensor at or slightly above palpable joint space directed medially parallel to frontal plane of the joint
50
Metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal synoviocenthesis palmar approach
Needles must be dorsal to suspensory branch distal end of forth metacarpal/metatarsal bone
51
Carpus synoviocenthesis
Must be flexed sample either side of extensor carpal radialis either into radiocarpal or intercarpal joint
52
Synoviocenthesis of tarsocural
Distal to the medial malleolus of the tibia just medial or lateral to the saphenous vein 45° toward joint
53
Tarsometatarsal synoviocenthesis
Planterolateral approach inserted above the head of the 4th metatarsal directed dorsomedial
54
Femoropatella compartment of stifle
Between the middle and medial patella ligaments between the middle and lateral patella ligaments proximal to the palpable aspect of the tibial tuberosity
55
Medial femorotibial synoviocenthesis
Needle inserted in to indentation between medial patella ligament and the tendon of the sartorius muscle proximal to the tibial plateau parallel to the ground
56
Lateral femorotibial synoviocenthesis
Immediately cranially, caudally or through the long digital extensor muscles proximal to tibial plateau

Year 4 equine (20 decks)

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