Limbic System

Question 1

where does limbic system mostly function

Answer 1

autocrine and endocrine function

–>mostly in response to emotional stimuli

Question 2

subcortical parts of limbic system

Answer 2

olfactory bulb
hypothalamus
amygdala
septal nuclei
thalamic nuclei- anterior nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus

Question 3

cerebral cortex aspects of limbic system

Answer 3

hippocampus
areas of neocortex- insular cortex, orbital frontal cortex, subcallosal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, medial prefrontal gyrus

Question 4

parahippocampal gyrus=

Answer 4

piriform cortex (primary olfactory cortex)
entorhinal

Question 5

most important parts of limbic system

Answer 5

insular cortex
orbital frontal cortex
cingulate gyrus
medial prefrontal gyrus

Question 6

link between

Answer 6

THINKING part of brain in neocortex and EMOTIONAL RESPONSE in hypothalamus and septal nuclei

Question 7

overall LS pathway

Answer 7

association neocortex–>limbic cortex–>limbic subcortical–>hypothalamus–>endocrine, autonomic, behavior

Question 8

limbic cortex

Answer 8

subjective experience –what does stimuli mean to you?
what does it represent to you?
how should you react?

Question 9

prefrontal cortex are areas

Answer 9

9,10,11,12

Question 10

prefrontal cortex connects to hypothalamus via

Answer 10

medial forebrain bundle

Question 11

prefronta cortex has reciprocal connections

Answer 11

• other areas limbic cortex (cingulate, medial temporal)
• amygdala
• septal nuclei
• dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

Question 12

lesion in dorsolateral pfc

Answer 12

executive fx difficulties..

• solving puzzles
• abstract reasoning and judgment
• dividing attention between tasks

Question 13

lesion in orbital and medial PFC

Answer 13

emotional responses pfc

• moods (apathy in R, europhic in L)
• behavior (rude, tactless, inconsiderate)

Question 14

orbital and medial PFC is effected strongly by

Answer 14

alcohol

Question 15

what brain area has the greatest amount of growth in post natal development?

Answer 15

prefrontal coretx

Question 16

depression

Answer 16

cingulate gyrus is overactive

posterior cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral pfc = underactive

Question 17

depression is active in same areas as

Answer 17

chronic pain/suffering

Question 18

fx of insular cortex

Answer 18

interoception
-visceral/autonomic responses (visceral pain)
==>assigns meaning to various signals and patterning some response through connections with amygdala and orbital frontal cortex
ADDICTION

Question 19

connections of central olfactory pathways

Answer 19

anterior portion of temporal lobe and amygdala

Question 20

pathway of olfactory

Answer 20

axons converge onglomeruli in olfactory bulb–>synapse with mitral dendrites

Question 21

where do mitral cells project (3)

Answer 21

• olfactory tubercle in anterior perforated substance
• piriform cortex on rostral surface of uncus
• medial amygdala within uncus

Question 22

after terminate in olfactory cortex, go to..

Answer 22

mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus
-(VP and ant perforated substance input)–>orbitofrontl cortex

ventromedial nucleus hypothalamus

• (input from medial amygdala via stria terminalis)
• emotional and endocrine rxns

Question 23

septal region reciprocal connections

Answer 23

hippocampal formation - memory (cholinergic)
amygdala
hypothalamus (preoptic area)

Question 24

additional efferents of septal region

Answer 24

mammillary body (hypothal)
median eminence-->neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive behaviors (gnrh)

Question 25

lesions in septal region

Answer 25

septal syndrome | -->behavioral overreaction-->"septal rage" with trivial stimulation

Question 26

amygdala reciprocal affernts

Answer 26

solitary and parabrachail nucleus limbic neocortex thalamus (mediodorsal) sensory and association areas of cortex

Question 27

nonreciporcal afferent of amygdala

Answer 27

olfactory tract

Question 28

efferents of amygdala

Answer 28

hypothalamus (stria terminalis & ventral amygdalofugal pathway) limbiv neocortex various central autonomic centters

Question 29

fx amygdala

Answer 29

- relates environmental stimuli-->coordinated behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine responses - feeding, drinking, fighting, mating, maternal care - assigns emotional value to sensory cues in environ.

Question 30

lesions in amygdala

Answer 30

reduce ANS and behavioral responses to stress

Question 31

components of hippocampus

Answer 31

subiculum CA1-CA4 pyramidal cell region dentate gyrus that contains granule cells

Question 32

curved part of hippocampus

Answer 32

cornu ammonis

Question 33

cornu ammonis is divided

Answer 33

into 4 CA fields that contain prominent pyramidal cells | - blend into adjacent subiculum--> connected to entorhinal complex on parahippocampal gyrus of temporal lobe

Question 34

perforant pathway

Answer 34

extends from entorhinal cortex-->dentate gyrus

Question 35

hippocampus afferents

Answer 35

``` entorinal cortx (from neocortex) septum &hpothalamus (via fornix..from amy and association cortex) ```

Question 36

hippocampus efferents

Answer 36

Ca fields and subiculum (reciporal to entorinal cortex) | fornix

Question 37

postcommissural fornix

Answer 37

mamillary bodies, anterior nucleus of thalamus

Question 38

precommissural fornix

Answer 38

septal nuclei, preoptic area, ventral striatum, orbital cortex, subcallosal cortex

Question 39

hippocampus fx

Answer 39

``` glucocortiocoid hormone control movement mapping environment declarative memory (procedural, pattern, conditioned) place memory ```

Question 40

damage to hippocampus leads to

Answer 40

only memory of recent events (more pronounced if entorhinal cortex involved)

Question 41

Korsakoff's psychosis

Answer 41

patient confabulate (pretend to know the answer but they get it wrong)

Question 42

Mesolimbic Dopamine Reward System

Answer 42

VTA-->nucleus accumbens

Question 43

Schizophrenia

Answer 43

decrease in DA through mesocortical systems-->PFC= negative symptoms (social withdrawal, decrease in outward emotional responsiveness) increase in DA through mesolimbic system-->ventral striatal system (cortex, basal ganglia) =positive symptoms- delusions, hallucinations