Limbic System

Question 1

Limbic system controls …

Answer 1

mood, emotion, feelings, and motivation

Question 2

Limbic system pathways:

Hippocampus –> Mamillary body and Septal nuclei

Answer 2

Fornix

Question 3

Limbic system pathways:

Mamillary body –> anterior N. Thalamus

Answer 3

mamillo thalamic tract

Question 4

Limbic system pathways:

Amigdala –> Septal nucleus

Answer 4

Stria Terminalus

Question 5

Limbic system pathways:

Midbrain via hypothalamus –> Forbrain

Answer 5

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 6

Norepinephrine (NE) is made in what area of the Pons

Answer 6

Locus ceruleus

Question 7

Serotonin (5HT) is made in what area of the midbrain and pons

Answer 7

Raphe nuclei

Question 8

These hormones are involved in arousal and sleep wake cycles

Answer 8

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Question 9

Dopamine (DA) is active in what system and has what effect?

Answer 9

mesolimbic system, rewarding effect

Question 10

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) sends DA neurons to…

Answer 10

nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, amygdalal, septal nuclei

Question 11

These drugs block DA reuptake which increases the conc. of DA at the synapse

Answer 11

cocaine and amphetamine

Question 12

DA receptor blockers

Answer 12

decrease drug seeking behavior

Question 13

lesion in the ventral tebental area or nucleus accumbens leads to

Answer 13

decrease drug seeking behvaior

Question 14

Acetylcholine (ACh) is made in the

Answer 14

nucleus basalis and septal nucleus (both are lost in alshimers disease)

Question 15

amygdala plays a role in

Answer 15

fear conditioning

Question 16

lesions in the amygdala:

Answer 16

prevents fear conditioning

Question 17

The following are characteristics of what disease:

Impairment in goal directed behavior
lack of emotion in decision-making (lack of risk aversion)
poor social judgement (antisocial behavior)
poor emotional control (increased impulsivity)

Answer 17

Prefrontal Lobe Syndrome

Question 18

The Dorsolateral PFC plays a role in …

Answer 18

working memory

executive function

Question 19

The Orbital frontal cortex (OFC) plays a role in

Answer 19

amygdala projection

Question 20

The prefrontal cortex is ________ to the amygdala which is __________ to the hypothalamus

Answer 20

inhibitory

excitatory

Question 21

lesion of the hippocampus can cause

Answer 21

anterograde amnesia (no new memories) 
temporally graded retrograde amnesia (loss of old memories)

Question 22

Lesion of the hippocampus can cause

Answer 22

explicit or declarative memory loss

sematic (facts) and episodic (experiences) memory loss

Question 23

lesion of the hippocampus will not cause loss of …

Answer 23

implicit memory (procedural or non declarative)

Question 24

The following are characteristics of what disease;

impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions
inability to judge “like” emotions (fear vs. anger, supprise vs. happy)
memory loss especially of information with emotional content

Answer 24

Urbach-Wiethe disease

dysfunction in the amygdala

Question 25

The following are characteristics of what disease; re-experiencing phenomena (flash backs) avoidance of situations parallel in initial trauma hyperarousal (hypervigilance leads to increased anxiety)

Answer 25

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Question 26

Etiology of PTSD

Answer 26

increased activity of the amygdala decreased activity in the medial prefronal cortex (medial prefrontal cortex inhibits the amygdala)

Question 27

Schizophrenia | Symptoms:

Answer 27

Positive: delusions, hallucinations (treatment only targets) Negative: Social withdrawal

Question 28

hypothesis that schizophrenia is due to increased DA receptor activity

Answer 28

Dopamine hypothesis

Question 29

anti-psychotic that blocks DA receptors

Answer 29

Haloperidol Side effects: parkinsonian like motor dysfuction

Question 30

atypical anti-psychotic blocks DA receptor blocks 5HT receptor blocks glutamate reuptake

Answer 30

clozapine

Question 31

"glutamate hypothesis" phencyclidine (PCP) (angel dust) blocks what receptor

Answer 31

blocks NMDA glutamate receptor | Tx: increase glutamate receptor activity

Question 32

Neurochemica basis for depression: | "monoamine hypothesis"

Answer 32

decrease NE and or 5HT receptor activity

Question 33

anti-depressants:

Answer 33

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition tricyclics (Imipramine) SSRIs (Fluoxetine)

Question 34

anti-depressant: | blocks reuptake of NE and 5HT

Answer 34

Tricyclics (Imipramine)

Question 35

anti-depressant: | block reuptake of 5HT

Answer 35

SSRIs (Fluoxetine)

Question 36

The following are characteristics of what disease; disorder of immediate memory disorientation in space and time confabulation --> fabrication

Answer 36

Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 37

causes of korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 37

``` chronic alcoholism vitamin deficiency (B1 Thiamine) ```

Question 38

what part of the limbic system is damaged in korsakoff's syndrome

Answer 38

mammillary body or mamillo thalamic tract

Question 39

The following are characteristics of what disease; ``` oral tendencies (all objects in the mouth) changes in emotions (amigdala damage) hypersexuallity (pathway to hypothalamus) visual agnosia (psychotic blindness, inability to discriminate visual stimulus) ```

Answer 39

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal cortex)

Question 40

The following are characteristics of what disease; loss of memory mood disorders; anxiety and depression loss of motor function complete loss of cognitive function

Answer 40

Alzheimer's dementia

Question 41

Alzheimer's dementia etiology

Answer 41

loss of cholinergic input to the hippocampus loss of neurons in multiple brain areas presence of neurofbrillary tangles (NFTs: phosphorylated tau proteins) and Beta-amyloid plaques

Question 42

Treatment for Alzheimer's dementia that blocks acetochoinesterase

Answer 42

Donepezil (aricept)

Question 43

The following are characteristics of what disease; progressive neuordegenerative disease caused by repeated head trauma memory impairment: anterograde amnesia executive dysfunction: goal-directed behaviors depression apathy loss of impulse control, increase in aggressiveness

Answer 43

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Question 44

Etiology of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 44

brain atrophy | NFTs present