Neuroendocrine/ Pituitary

Question 1

Integrates information for control of the endocrine system, the autonomic nervous system and neural systems concerned with motivation

Answer 1

hypothalamus

Question 2

Posterior pituitary secretes into systemic circulation

Answer 2

vasopressin and oxytocin

Question 3

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are synthesized where?

Transported via axons to nerve terminals in posterior pituitary, stored in vesicles until released by neural activity

Answer 3

magnocellular neurons in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 4

________________neurons secreted pep-tides directly into systemic circulation

Answer 4

Magnocellular hypothalamic neurons

Question 5

Vasopressin stimulus:

Triggers release of vasopressin

Answer 5

increased blood osmolality
hypovolemia
hypotension

Question 6

Vasopressin response:

effects of increased vasopressin

Answer 6

Increased water absorption (VP is an anti-diuretic)

increased vasoconstriction

Question 7

Oxytocin stimulus:

triggers release of oxytocin

Answer 7

suckling

uterine stimulation

Question 8

Oxytocin response:

effects of oxytocin

Answer 8

milk ejection reflex (smooth muscle contraction in the breast) 
uterine contraction (smooth muscle contraction --> delivery of newborn)

Question 9

Anterior pituitary secretes…

Answer 9

Somatomammotropins:
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin
Glycoproteins:
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Leutnizing hormone (LH)
Opiomelanocortin:
adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH)
Beta-endorphin

(Som gro pro, Gly TFL, Opi ads beta)

Question 10

Anterior pituitary secretes these families

Answer 10

somatomammotropins
Glycoproteins:
Opiomelanocortin:

Question 11

GH Stimulus:

Answer 11

exercise, stress, sleep (80% of growth during slow wave sleep)

Question 12

GH effects:

Answer 12

growth of tissue

increased metabolism

Question 13

Prolactin stimulus:

Answer 13

suckling

sttress

Question 14

Prolactin effects:

Answer 14

development of mammary tissue

lactation (milk production)

Question 15

TSH stimuli:

Answer 15

exposure to cold temp

Question 16

TSH effects

Answer 16

Increase thyroid hormone –> increases cellular metabolism

Question 17

Gonadotropins

Answer 17

FSH and LH

Question 18

FSH and LH are regulated by

Answer 18

hypothalamic peptide

Question 19

FSH effects

Answer 19

Men: spermatogenesis
Women: development of ovarian follicle

Question 20

LH effects

Answer 20

Men: required for spermatogenesis, stimulates testosterone
Women: initiates ovulation/”trigger”, stimulates progesterone

Question 21

ACTH stimuli

Answer 21

Stress

Question 22

ACTH effects:

Answer 22

secretion of adrenal cortex - cortisol

Question 23

Beta-endorphin stimuli:

Answer 23

Stress

Question 24

Beta-endorphin effects:

Answer 24

opiate-like–> analgesia

Question 25

What test could be used clinically to assess anterior pituitary function

Answer 25

stress - insulin induced hypoglycemia

Question 26

Insluin induced hypoglycemia produces...

Answer 26

increased prolactin, ACTH, GH, Cortisol, Beta-endorphin

Question 27

hypothalmic releasing hormones are synthesized in ...

Answer 27

parvocellular neurons

Question 28

hypothalmic releasing hormones are transported via axons to the....

Answer 28

median eminence

Question 29

hypothalmic releasing hormones are released from nerve terminal into the ...

Answer 29

hypophyseal portal vein

Question 30

Excitatory hypothalamic releasing hormones

Answer 30

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Question 31

Inhibitory hypothalamic releasing hormones

Answer 31

somatostatin (decreases GH) | dopamine (decreases prolactin)

Question 32

hypothalamic releasing hormones are secreted into the ...

Answer 32

Primary pelxus

Question 33

hypothalamic releasing hormones are carried to the pituitary cells via the ...

Answer 33

portal vein

Question 34

hypothalamic releasing hormones are delivered to the pituitary cells at the ...

Answer 34

secondary plexus

Question 35

what hormonal changes occur after pituitary stalk section?

Answer 35

prolactin increases | all others decrease

Question 36

diabetes insipidus results from a loss of

Answer 36

vasopressin secretion

Question 37

diabetes insipidus etiology

Answer 37

head trauma --> sever pit. stalk autoimmune idiopathic

Question 38

diabetes insipidus symptoms

Answer 38

polyurea --> excessive urination | Polydypsia --> excessive thirst

Question 39

diabetes insipidus treatment

Answer 39

desamino VP -->retains H2O in kidney without raising BP

Question 40

Galactorrhea-amenorrhea

Answer 40

hyperprolactinemia with cessation of menstration

Question 41

galactorrhea-amenorrhea etiology

Answer 41

microadenoma that results in high levels of blood prolactin | the decrease in FSH and LH lead to cessation of menstruation

Question 42

Galactorrhea-amenorrhea treatment

Answer 42

surgery | pharmacology --> Dopamine receptor agonist