Linguistics Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
The most extreme or typical realizations of the various positions in which vowels are pronounced are called
A
cardinal vowels
2
Q
The discipline that studies how sounds are formed in the mouth, the gloths and the nasal cavity is called
A
articulatory phonetics
3
Q
Name the underlined morpheme in the word happiness
A
free morpheme
4
Q
Name the word formation process that gave rise to the following word to bottle
A
conversion with zero derivation
5
Q
Languages that express grammatical relations through word order and free grammatical morphemes are called
A
analytic languages
6
Q
What is the following structure called in the phrase grammar?:
“This is one of the first tests IM THE ENGLISH DEPARTMENT.”
A
adverbial phrase
7
Q
Give an example of a synsemantic part of speech:
A
the, a, from, to, he, she
8
Q
What kind of word formation process results in the merger of two words, such as information + entertainment → infotainment
A
blending
9
Q
The superordinate term from the pair rose v. flower is called:
A
hypernym
10
Q
Semantic categorization of concepts into a clear centre and fuzzy periphery:
A
semantic prototype
11
Q
In pragmatics, the ways in which links are estabilished between sentences
A
cohesion
12
Q
Halliday’s functions corresponding to the three components of register:
A
Function 1: ideational f. (field)
Function 2: interpersonal (tenor)
Function 3: textual (mode)
13
Q
Jacobson’s funcion which focuses on the code:
A
Metalinguistic function
14
Q
The philosopher who introduced the theory of speech acts:
A
J.L Austin
15
Q
Geographical, social, etc. varieties of language are called:
A
dialects
16
Q
Linguistics studying language at a particular:
A
synchronic linguistics
17
Q
What part of England is linguistically more progressive?
A
London? :D
18
Q
The name of a new variety spoken in the Greater London area since the 1980s:
A
Estuary English
19
Q
The beginning of the Middle English period was around the year:
A
1100
20
Q
The most famous literary work from the Old English period is:
A
Beowulf
21
Q
What was the result of William Caxton’s technical innovation on the English language after 1476?
A
Printing press -> standardization of different dialects of English
22
Q
The ground-breaking work Cours de linguistique générale was written by:
A
Charles Bally & Albert Sechehaye (from Ferdiand de Saussure’s notes)
23
Q
The actual linguistic realizations through which the underlying structure of the linguistic system can be studied is called:
A
parole
24
Q
In semiotics, the element of the liguistic sign that is the physical vehicle (e.g. sound) for conveying some meaning is called:
A
Signifier / Signifiant
25
The main figure in formal linguistics – a representative of transformation and generative grammar – is:
Noam Chomsky
26
What school of linguistics did Nikola Trubeckoy belong to?
Prague school
27
One of the properties of language referring to the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning:
arbitrariness
28
Identify the type of compound: anotary public/ an attorney general:
germanic type/ french type
29
Pragmatic maxims (kdo to vymyslel):
Paul Grice
30
William Labov (what school):
sociolinguistics
31
Co je za morpheme happiness:
bound derivational morpheme
32
This is one of THE FIRST TESTS in English department:
noun phrase
33
Language function podle Jackobsona spojená s channel:
phatic
34
vyznamne dielo z middle english period:
Canterbury tales
35
Ako sa volaju tie znaky ktorymi sa zapisuje vyslovnost:
phonetic alphabet
36
Jak dostaneme z Laboratory -> Lab
clipping
37
Example of autosemantical part of speech:
beautiful
38
What word formation give rise to word "to carpet":
conversion with zero derivation
39
Konec Old English obdobia:
1100
40
Predstavitel Swiss school:
Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale
41
Popular London dialect:
Cockney
42
Rose v. Flower, subordinant term:
hyponymy
43
The study of linguistic change:
diachronic linguistics
44
Logical unity of text:
coherence
45
Jaký typ jazyků používá inflection:
synthetic
46
Jaký typ compounding je couch potato:
exocentric
47
Abstract unit of meaning of a sentence či co
semantic proposition
48
Unit of meaning, not physically carrying meaning:
sememe
49
Language functions podle Bühlerova Organon modelu:
1. referential
2. expressive
3. conative
50
Velká změna ve výslovnosti z Early Modern Period:
Great Vowel Shift
51
Která část Anglie je z jazykového hlediska nejkonzervativnější:
North - rural areas
52
Language which uses case endings to express grammatical relations in a sentence:
Inflected / synthetic
53
Underlying language system:
Langue
54
Epic poetry:
referential function
55
Lyric poetry:
emotive/expressive function
56
Poetry in 2nd person (religious texts):
conative function
57
Henry Sweet:
phonetics
58
Nikolai Sergeyevitsch Trubetzkoy:
phonology
59
Noam Chomsky – Linguistic Society of America:
Generative School
60
Maxims:
Paul Grice
61
Set of symbols used in dictionaries:
phonetic alphabet
62
A type of sign which is based on learned conventional relationship between the form of the sign and the object, eg a red light as a signal to traffic, any word with the property of arbitrariness, shapes of letters of the alphabet and shapes of numerals:
Symbol
63
Word formation - Ad < Advertisement:
clipping
64
What kind of compound word is blue-green?
Copulative
65
What Czech linguist founded Prague school?
Vilém Mathesius, especially his idea of functional syntax in linguistic characterology of language
66
What do you call BBC English/British English/Queen's English?
Standard English
67
Jakobson's function in connection with the code
it is metalinguistic/metalingual function
68
Bühlers function in connection with the context
it is referential/representational
69
What words were considered as natural sound source or something like that (what words started language basically)
onomatopoeic words (for example: meow)
70
What morpheme is abso-bloody-lutely
infix
71
narrow → to narrow
conversion
72
Apart from prosody, what do you call the stress/intonation/rhythm?
suprasegmentals
73
What is it called when bilingual people mix the languages in one sentence
code switching
74
The dialect thing - based on the pronunciation of words differently in different spaces
regional accent
75
What do you call linguistics dealing with sign communication
semiotics
76
What is the pragmatic maxim that makes people tell the truth in a conversation
maxim of quality
77
What is the name of the line which separates dialects(or languages) on a map
isogloss
78
something about a common language that *someone* (colonists, I think ? ) used somewhere
Lingua franca = language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect
79
The study of speech sounds seen as basic units in a structural systém?
Phonetics
80
Property of language referring to its flexibility to make new expressions, etc.?
creativity/generativity
81
A type of complex word which consists of initial letters of its components
acronym
82
Word based on the combination of two phonetically identical/similar morphemes?
reduplication
83
A type of language expressing grammatical relations through word order, not cases?
Analytical language/isolating language
84
A type of linguistic analysis that considers the historical development of ling, forms?
Historical linguistics/diachronic linguistics
85
A bound morpheme that helps speakers create new words from an existing base?
Derivational morpheme
86
Words pronounced the same but having different spellings and meanings?
homophones
87
Halliday's function that concentrates on the content of communication?
Interpersonal function
88
The transfer from one's mother language leading to errors when using L2?
Interference
89
Bühler's function that describes the focus on the listener?
conative function
90
A collection of texts compiled for the purposes of linguistic analysis?
corpus
91
The concepts of 'theme' and 'rheme' are part of which linguistic theory?
functional or systemic theories of linguistics, particularly with the Prague School of Linguistics and later developed by Michael Halliday in Systemic Functional Linguistics (The concepts of 'theme' and 'rheme' are part of which linguistic theory?SFL).
92
The study of the rules which help us combine words into sentences?
syntax
93
A variety of language determined by the communicative situation or domain?
register
94
The prestigious norm of a language codified in grammars and dictionaries?
Standard language
95
A term for a word that is unanalysable into two morphemes - only one constituent is a real morpheme, the other one is a meaningless stem, e.g. Monday, cranberry?
Cranberry morhpeme
96
Name the word formation process: breakfast + lunch brunch?
blending
97
Approximate beginning of the Middle English period?
1100
98
Pairs of lexical items that are formally similar in languages but different in meaning?
cognates
99
A heroic epic poem important for the study of Old English?
Beowulf
100
A new word in a language?
neologism
101
In Chomsky's terminology, what is the opposite of performance?
competence
102
103
What linguistic discipline is John Searle a representative of?
philosophy of language" or "philosophical linguistics
104
Traditional working-class variety of English localised to East London?
Cockney
105
Which branch of Indo-European languages does English belong to?
West Germanic
106
An imaginary line on a map separating two dialect areas
dialectal boundary
107
108
A process of word formation in which a new word is produced by shortening, eg ad?
clipping
109
A subordinate term, ie, a lexical unit specifying an item in a set or class, e.g. tulip flower?
hyponym
110
Any language which developed on the basis of a pidgin
Tok Pisin
111
subject matter of the situation, what are you talking about (science, advertising, law...):
field/domain
112
Relation between speaker and hearer (participants), different formality (friend to friend):
tenor
113
Textual organization/formal shape of the message (choice between written or spoken medium, thematic organization) + functional style: scientific, artistic...:
mode
114
Ability of language to temporally and spatially distant things:
displacement
115
Language of 2 mutually understanding groups:
pidgin
116
Language that uses suffixes to express time, …:
inflected/synthetic
117
Word that cannot be divided into two morphemes:
moneme
118
New word made up for a single occasion:
nonce word
119
Who established czech teaching of “Anglistice”:
V. Mathesius (English seminar at FF UK), F. Chudoba (Brno English studies)
120
Who established phonology:
Nikolai Sergeyevitsch Trubetzkoy
121
What function / part of language is used to speak about language:
Metalinguistic function
122
Morphological branches:
inflectional/derivational
123
What school - Roman Jacobson:
Prague School
124
Noam Chomsky was part of:
The Linguistic Society of America
125
Leonard Bloomfield was part of:
The Linguistic Society of America
126
What school was described as structural and functional:
Prague school
127
What kind of symbol bears physical resemblance(photograph..):
icon
128
Flower (to dafodill, rose, lilly), superodinate term:
hypernym
129
Word formation - cheat(V) > cheat (N):
convertion
130
Word formations - zig zag:
reduplication - ablaut combination
131
Word formations – SALT / radar:
shortening / acronyms
132
Word formations - peddler > peddle:
back-formation
133
Utiliztion of the means provided by the system of signs for the formation of utterances:
la Parole
134
Co udělal de Saussure pro lingvistiku:
father of modern synchronically orientated linguistics, 3 interpretation of language: la langue (system of signs used by the community), la parole (conceptual, meaningfull utterances), le langage (langue+parole)
135
Kdo se jako první zajímal o fonetiku:
ancient Indians?
136
Variety of english:
register v. dialects
137
Nejaky typ zkracovania napište:
a)clipping: e.g. ad from advertisement,
b) acronyms: e.g. NATO
138
Example of autosemantical part of speech:
railway station
139
Systematic study of the meaning of words
semantics
140
Vyznamne dielo z middle english period:
Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
