Linguistics Notes Flashcards
(101 cards)
Disciplines of linguistics:
- Core disciplines
◦ phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, stylistics, pragmatics, lexicography, historical linguistics, philosophy of language- Applied linguistics
◦ language pedagogy, second language acquisition, forensic linguistics, discourse analysis - Inter-disciplinary disciplines
◦ sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, …
- Applied linguistics
phonetics =
study sound without reference to their function in the given sound system
phonology =
study sound in the coontext of the specific sound system
types of phonetics
◦ articulatory (how the sound is made)
◦ acoustic (how the sound travels)
◦ auditory (how we receive sound)
phoneme =, what it consists of
abstract unit made by Trubetzkoy, consists of allophones = actual sounds interpreted as one phoneme despite phonetic differences e.g. T is one phoneme, but has many allophones (T in water, still, time) = can be many different sounds
vowel=
sound defined by the position of the tongue
about vowels
monophthongs (a, e, i, o, u), diphthongs (ae, io, eu,…), triphthongs
long and short
usually voiced
conosants=
defined by the contacts and movements of various articulatory means (= lips, teeth, tongue)
3 crucial aspect of conosants
▪ place (bilabial)
▪ manner (plosive = you stop at their end, you produce a short sound, e.g. b, p, t)
▪ energy (voiced/voiceless)
markedness=
created by PLC,
◦ characterises a contrast between two members of a pair
◦ *pairs of one “usually” used (unmarked) and one “unusual” word (marked) in certain terms, e.g. lion is unmarked, while lioness is marked
◦ = “I saw a bunch of lions” doesn’t necessarily specify gender
rhoticity=
presence or absence of the R sound
link between a thing a a sound pattern
linguistic sign
2 aspects of linguistic sign
1) material - the sounds
2) conceptual - meaning
Saussure 3 interpretations of language
1) LANGUE - system of sounds used by member of language community
2) PAROLE - utilisation of the system to create concrete utterances
3) LANGAGE - langue + parole
phonological system
consists of all the levels of langugage:
- morposyntactic level
- lexico-semantic level
- discourse level
+ the phonic material they need to function
2 aspects analysed by phonetics:
1) speaker (producer)
2) listener (reciever)
basic element of phonetics
sound segment
2 methods of phonetic ivestigation:
1) subjective - absorbation through senses
2) experimental - technical measurements (Piere Rouselot, 1899)
physiological aspects of speech
1) Respiration
2) Phonation
3) Modification
3 classes of allophones
1) combinatory
2) individual
3) expressive
features of phonology (by Trubetzkoy)
- permanents f.
a) vocalic character
b) consonatal character
c) heigh
d) localization
e) manner
f) timbre
g) nasality
h) quantity - f. capable of neutralization
a) tension
b) aspiration
c) recursion
3 types of phonological apposition:
1) privative - two different phonemes, one has some feature and one doesn’t
2) gradual - a feature present in both, but different grade
3) equipollent - pair different ins several features
.+ bonus
4)prepositional - can be more than 1 pair
5) isolated - in 1 pair only
Jakobson-Halle’s Binaristic Phonological Theory
- phonemes have binary apposition
- appositions are only about + presennce/-absence of a feture
- 2 categories of features:
1) prosodic - within a syllable (tone, force, grantity)
2) inherent - without regard to the role they play within a syllable
study of words and their meaning
lexicology
