Listening And Critical Thinking Flashcards
Listening skills…
- develop when we’re young
- constant activity
- overlooked in the field of comm
- creates, enhances, preserves and sustain relationships.
…
- hearing - receiving sounds
- listening - receiving, constructing meaning from and responding to spoken and non-verb messages. Retains info, react empathically.
- active listening - listening on purpose.
2 forms of active listening…
- Empathic listening - listening and attempting to understand the other person.
- critical listening - challenges the speaker’s message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness and utility.
Process of listening…
3 step process:
- receiving - listener tunes in to speaker’s message.
- constructing meaning - listener assigns meaning to message
- Responding - listener lets speaker know message is received and understood.
Attention…
- selective attention - sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important.
- automatic attention - instinctive focus we give to stimuli signalling a change in our surroundings, stimuli we deem important or stimuli we perceive to signal danger ie: ambulance siren.
Working memory…
Short term memory…
Long term memory…
- working memory - part of consciousness that interprets and assigns meaning to stimuli we pay attention to.
- short-term - temporary storage place for info
- long-term - permanent storage including past experiences, language, values, knowledge, images of people, memories of sights, sounds, smells and fantasies.
Schemas and long-term memory…
- schemas are organisational ‘filing system’ for thoughts held in long-term memory.
- long-term memory is dependent on finding connections to the correct schema containing memory, thought, idea or image we are trying to recall.
Barriers to listening…
Noise
- physical distractions: stimuli that keeps you focusing, ie: loud music
- mental: wandering when you’re supposed to be focusing, ie: daydreaming
- multitasking: conducting 2 or more tasks
- factual: focusing so much on details that you miss the significant points
- semantic: over-responding to an emotional-laden word or concept, ie: the issue of abortion
Barriers to listening…
Perc of others
- status: devoting attention depending on a person’s social standing, rank or perceived value of another, ie: not listening to a younger student
- stereotypes: treating individuals as if they were the same as others in a given category.
- sights and sounds: letting appearances or voice affect listening.
Barriers to listening…
- egocentrism - excessive self-focus or seeing yourself as the central concern in every conversation.
- defensiveness - acting threatened and wanting to defend yourself.
- experiential superiority - looking down on others as if their experience in life were not the same as yours, ie: someone with less experience.
- personal bias - letting your beliefs etc, interfere with your ability to interpret information correctly.
- pseudo-listening - pretending to listen but wandering.
Differences in listening in men and women:
Purpose for listening:
Women - listen to understand people’s emotions and find common interests.
Men - listen to take action and find solution to problems.
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Listening Preference:
Women - like complex info
Men - short, concise, simple and error-free comm.
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Listening Awareness:
Women - high perceptive to how well the other person understands.
Men - might fail to realise when others do not understand.
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Nonverbal listening behaviours:
Women - more attentive and have sustained eye contact with the other person.
Men - less attentive and use glances to monitor reactions, use eye contact to indicate liking.
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Interruptive behaviours:
Women - interrupt less often, with interruptions usually signalling agreement and support.
Men - interrupt more often, with interruptions used to switch between topics.
Listen and think critically…
- critical listening & thinking go hand-in hand together.
- critical thinking - analysis speaker, situation and the speaker’s ideas to make critical judgements.
- source credibility - is the speaker perceived as being competent to make the claims they are making.
Analysing an argument:
Toulmin’s concepts of data, claim & warrant -
- data: what facts are agreed upon by speaker and listener?
- claim: what is overall point made by the speaker?
- warrant: reasoning used by speaker to move from data to the claim?
First-person observation - an observation based on something you personally have sensed.
Second-person observation - what another person has observed.
Classroom…
- lecture listening - ability to listen, mental process, recalling lecture info
- lecture cues - verbal or nonverbal signals that stress points or indicate transitions between ideas during a lecture.
