Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

past questions > liver and friends > Flashcards

liver and friends Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

list the 11 causes of pancreatitis

A

IGETSMASHED is the mnemonic to learn for this.
* Idiopathic
* Gallstones
* Ethanol (alcohol)
* Trauma
* Steroids
* Mumps / Malignancy
* Autoimmune
* Scorpion venom/spider bite
* Hyperlipidaemia, hypothermia, hypercalcaemia
* ERCP
* Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pathophysiology of hepatitis?

A
  • liver injury ->
  • activation of inflammatory response ->
  • infiltration of inflammatory cells and liver cell necrosis ->
  • chronic inflammation can lead to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis ->
  • chronic liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

treatment for ruptured appendix?

A

appendectomy then IV antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are 2 signs of Wilson’s disease?

A
  • Kayser-Fleischer rings: Build-up of copper in the iris
  • Neurological signs: build-up of copper in the CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

5 clinical features of primary biliary cholangitis?

A
  • MOST COMMON: Pruritus +- jaundice
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Xanthelasma
  • Raised serum ALP or autoantibodies
  • Steatorrhea / Malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

treatment for paracetamol overdose?

A

if within 1hr of consumption: activated charcoal, if not: N-acetyl-cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

blood test results for ruptured oesophageal varices?

A
  • Anaemia, (Low ferritin, Low Hb).
  • Raised bilirubin.
  • Low albumin.
  • Raised ALT, AST and ALP.
  • High creatinine.
  • Increased prothrombin time.
  • (Possibly viral serology shows hepatitis infection)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

2 conditions that can cause bronze skin pigmentation?

A

Haemochromatosis
Addison’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

5 risk factors for acute cholecystitis?

A

female, fat, fertility, forty, flatulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is Murphy’s sign?

A

pain occurring on inspiration while palpating right subcostal area, occurs in acute cholecystitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give 2 signs that appear on the abdomen as colour changes during acute pancreatitis

A

Cullen’s sign, grey turner sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the first line investigation of acute pancreatitis?

A

serum amylase test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the first line treatment for autoimmune hepatitis?

A

prednisolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gram-positive bacterium that is coag pos?

A

staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pathophysiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

inherited abnormality of immunoregulation leading to T lymphocyte mediated attack on bile duct epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

presentations of primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

insidious onset, jaundice, pruritus, fatigue, +- IBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what condition is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

A

cholangiocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

first line drug given for alcohol withdrawal?

A

chlordiazepoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

most common cause of liver cirrhosis?

A

hepatitis C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what causes median arcuate ligament syndrome?

A

compression of the coeliac artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

give 4 signs of chronic liver disease

A
  • Palmar erythema
  • Clubbing
  • Dupuytren’s contracture
  • Spider naevi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what test is diagnostic of primary biliary sclerosis?

A

blood test for anti-mitochondrial antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does obstructive dyspnoea and liver disease presenting with cholestatic jaundice suggest?

A

alpha antitrypsin deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What’s the mechanism of action of N-acetyl cysteine?

A

Replenishes the supply of glutathione that conjugates NAPQI to non-toxic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what can cause chronic pancreatitis?
alcohol misuse, ERCP
26
What’s the first investigation you would perform when diagnosing haemochromatosis?
blood test for ferritin levels
27
Which form of viral hepatitis is a notifiable disease and to whom should it be reported?
hep A, Consultant in Communicable Disease Control OR Public Health England OR local Health Protection Team
28
Upon a blood test it is found that a patient has Hepatitis B. What was present in the blood to diagnose this?
HBsAg OR AntiHB antibody
29
Why is Hepatitis D only able to cause disease in those with Hepatitis B?
Incomplete RNA virus – needs Hep B to be able to assemble
30
Name 3 management protocols for acute Hepatitis B
avoid alcohol, vaccinate contacts, monitor liver function
31
what is the function of the gallbladder?
store and concentrates bile needed for food digestion
32
what are most gallstones made from?
cholesterol
33
how can gallstones cause vit K deficiency?
An obstruction of the bile duct would cause reduced secretion of bile into the small intestine. This would cause reduced absorption of fat and thus the fat soluble vitamins
34
A possible complication of gallstones is a gallstone ileus, what is this?
impaction of a gallstone within the small intestine
35
what are the possible treatments for gallstones?
surgery to remove gallbladder and medication to dissolve gallstones
36
Name the three stages in alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic fatty liver, Alcoholic hepatitis, Alcoholic cirrhosis
37
Give 3 complications of liver cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma, Oesophageal varices, Portal hypertension
38
Explain why liver failure leads to ascites
- Low albumin produced - Oncotic pressure lower than hydrostatic pressure, fluid leaks into abdominal cavity - Portal hypertension - Hydrostatic pressure greater than oncotic, fluid leaks into abdominal cavity
39
Name 2 first line drugs a patient might be prescribed to treat chronic hepatitis.
- SC pegylated interferon-alpha 2A/B - oral ribavirin
40
Why can a vaccine for hepatitis C not be developed?
rapid mutations so envelope proteins change rapidly
41
Name 2 ways the spread of hepatitis C can be prevented.
screen blood products, protection when handling body fluids
42
give 4 main functions of the liver
- Glucose metabolism - Fat metabolism - Detoxification + excretion of: bilirubin/ ammonia/ drugs/ hormones/ pollutants - Protein synthesis: albumin/ clotting factors - Defence against infection
43
Give 3 differential diagnoses of a Biliary Colic
- IBS - carcinoma on right side of colon - renal colic - pancreatitis
44
What are the 2 types of Biliary Colic?
cholesterol, bile pigment
45
antimicrobial antibodies are found in which condition typically?
primary biliary cholangitis
46
what kind of jaundice would present in malaria?
pre-hepatic
47
give 3 causes of chronic pancreatitis
chronic alcohol use, smoking, autoimmune, haemochromatosis
48
name 2 tests can be done to confirm chronic pancreatitis
faecal elactase, abdo US/CT to show pancreatic calcifications
49
state 3 medical treatments used for chronic pancreatitis
insulin therapy if DM has developed, analgesia (e.g. tramadol), pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
50
state 3 potential complications of chronic pancreatitis
DM, biliary obstruction, splenic vein thrombosis, steatorrhoea, pancreatic carcinoma
51
when are ALT and AST be raised?
liver damage e.g. alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
52
what does HBsAg indicate?
surface antigen - active infection / just been vaccinated
53
what does HBeAg indicate?
E antigen - marker of viral replication, implies high infectivity
54
what does HBcAb indicate?
core antibody - past or current infection
55
what does HBsAb indicate?
surface antibody - vaccination or past / current infection
56
what is secreted by a hepatocellular carcinoma?
alpha-fetoprotein
57
Which of the following is the gold standard investigation for portal hypertension?
hepatic venous pressure gradient
58
Where is an adenocarcinoma of the pancreas most likely to originate from?
head of the pancreas
59
chromosome for Haemochromatosis?
6
60
chromosome for Wilson's disease?
13
61
chromosome for A1AT?
14

past questions (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions