Liver, Bile Duct and Gallbladder

Question 1

largest digestive gland in the body

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

the liver has a multitude of functions but not many related to what

Answer 2

digestion

Question 3

the liver secretes substances essential for ______ and absorption of _______

Answer 3

digestion
nutrients

Question 4

the liver _______ nutrients and regulates their release into the __________

Answer 4

synthesizes
bloodstream

Question 5

which organ excretes toxic substances

Answer 5

the liver

Question 6

three things produced by the liver

Answer 6

plasma proteins
cholesterol
blood coagulation factors

Question 7

two surfaces of the liver

Answer 7

diaphragmatic
visceral

Question 8

what attaches the liver to the diaphragm

Answer 8

falciform ligament

Question 9

what does the liver consist of

Answer 9

lobes

Question 10

the liver is strategically placed to process what

Answer 10

blood leaving GI tract

Question 11

the liver prevents what from entering general circulation

Answer 11

toxic substances

Question 12

where bile ducts, hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein are found

Answer 12

triad

Question 13

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein come together and empty their blood into

Answer 13

sinusoids

Question 14

what kind of cells engulf foreign objects

Answer 14

Kupffer cells

Question 15

Kupffer cells are what kind of unique macrophages

Answer 15

self replicating macrophages

Question 16

proteins made by what enter bloodstream through pores in adjacent sinusoids

Answer 16

hepatocytes

Question 17

bile is excreted by _______ into ______

Answer 17

hepatocytes
canaliculi

Question 18

concentrates and stores bile until needed

Answer 18

the gallbladder

Question 19

bile enters _______ to digest high ____ and ______ concentrations

Answer 19

duodenum
fat
peptide

Question 20

the gallbladder provides means for liver to excrete waste products at what time

Answer 20

even when animal is not eating

Question 21

four things that make up the composition of bile

Answer 21

bile salts
phospholipids
cholesterol
bile pigments

Question 22

enterohepatic circulation begins with secretion of _____ _____ into _______

Answer 22

bile salts
canaliculi

Question 23

bile salts draw water out of _______ and become a _____ _____

Answer 23

hepatocytes
liquid bile

Question 24

bile is released into intestine to

Answer 24

emulsify fat

Question 25

bile exits the liver and travels through the hepatic ducts, emptying into the what

Answer 25

common bile duct

Question 26

what species do not have gallbladders

Answer 26

horses

Question 27

when are bile salts reabsorbed

Answer 27

when they reach the ileum

Question 28

bile salts enter what and return to liver

Answer 28

hepatic portal vein

Question 29

liver reabsorbs bile salts and recycles them back to what

Answer 29

bile

Question 30

amount of bile salts that recirculate from intestine to liver influences what

Answer 30

how much bile is synthesized by hepatocytes

Question 31

when stimuli for CCK secretion is gone what happens

Answer 31

CCK secretion stops and sphincter of Oddi closes

Question 32

when the sphincter of Oddi closes, bile is diverted into where

Answer 32

gallbladder

Question 33

when CCK secretion stops, reabsorption of bile salts and bile acid synthesis is _______

Answer 33

diminished

Question 34

heme converted to free or unconjugated ________

Answer 34

bilirubin

Question 35

free bilirubin is joined to _______ acid in liver to form a water-soluble bilirubin __________ (conjugated bilirubin)

Answer 35

glucuronic glucuronide

Question 36

conjugated bilirubin is released into ______ and enters into ______ _______

Answer 36

bile small intestine

Question 37

glucuronide is removed from conjugated bilirubin by

Answer 37

bacterial enzymes

Question 38

fecal bacteria reduce the bilirubin to what

Answer 38

urobilinogen

Question 39

most urobilinogen oxidized to what two things and leaves the body how

Answer 39

urobilin and stercobilin excreted in feces

Question 40

if urobilinogen is taken up by the liver, it is reabsorbed into bile and reenters what

Answer 40

enterohepatic circulation

Question 41

remaining urobilinogen is either taken up by the _______ OR bypasses the ______ and goes to the ________ via general circulation

Answer 41

liver (x2) kidneys

Question 42

urobilinogen that goes to kidneys is converted to ______ and is excreted in _______

Answer 42

urobilin urine

Question 43

what route does most of the remaining urobilinogen take

Answer 43

liver to enterohepatic circulation

Question 44

what happens if there is increased bilirubin levels in blood

Answer 44

animal becomes jaundiced (icteric)

Question 45

three conditions caused by abnormal bilirubin levels

Answer 45

pre-hepatic bilirubinemia hepatic bilirubinemia post-hepatic bilirubinemia

Question 46

nutrient processing by the liver plays a vital role in what

Answer 46

keeping blood glucose levels normal

Question 47

glucose is absorbed from where

Answer 47

small intestine

Question 48

glucose enters hepatic _____ _____ and arrives in the liver, where it is metabolized to produce energy

Answer 48

portal vein

Question 49

what two things can be converted to glucose by the liver

Answer 49

fructose and galactose

Question 50

excess glucose can be stored as

Answer 50

glycogen

Question 51

where can glycogen be stored

Answer 51

liver skeletal muscle adipose cells

Question 52

glycogen can be broken down to glucose when needed

Answer 52

glycogenolysis

Question 53

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Answer 53

gluconeogenesis

Question 54

the product of the liver converting fatty acids to energy - not ideal

Answer 54

ketones

Question 55

too many ketones causing metabolic acidosis

Answer 55

ketosis

Question 56

two additional functions of the liver

Answer 56

protein production conversion of amino acids into ketoacids

Question 57

the liver produces nearly all the ______ proteins, including ______ and ______ ______ proteins

Answer 57

plasma albumin blood clotting

Question 58

what two things are ketoacids used for

Answer 58

energy production lipid synthesis