Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHA223 > Liver Disease: Pharmacology > Flashcards

Liver Disease: Pharmacology Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does bilirubin do when it is formed?

A
  • Breakdown of RBCs
  • Goes to liver -> conjugated
  • Sent to the intestines
  • Give colour to faeces and urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the liver enzymes?

A
  • ALP
  • GGT
  • AST
  • ALT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where are the liver enzymes found?

A

In liver cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does it mean if liver enzymes are in high levels in the blood?

A

Liver cell damage/death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name and role of ALP?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase
-> Hydrolyses phosphate at alkaline pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does high activity of plasma ALP suggest?

A

Obstruction to the biliary tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Obstruction to the bile duct is also known as what?

A

Cholestasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A rise in ALP activity can lead to the onset of what?

A

Jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the name of GGT and what is its role?

A

Y-glutamyltransferase
-> Transfer of glutamyl between molecules
-> amino acid metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When is GGT checked?

A

Once ALP is checked and the results are still unclear so it is done as a back-up check.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

GGT can indicate what?

A

Chronic alcohol consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which two enzymes are found near the bile duct?

A
  • ALP
  • GGT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A blockage of the bile duct can be due to what?

A
  • Cancer
  • Stones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the liver enzymes when the bile duct is blocked?

A
  • Bile acid builds up and damages membrane
  • ALP and GGT are released
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 2 transaminases and what is their role?

A
  • Aspartate aminotransferase
  • Alanine aminotransferase
    -> transfer amino groups between amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where in the liver do transaminases damage?

A

Any part of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

High levels of transaminases suggest what?

A

Hepatic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

High levels of ALT and AST is indicative of what?

A

Hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some symptoms of liver disease?

A
  • Jaundice
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Dark urine
  • Light-coloured stools
  • Unexpected weight loss
  • Itching
  • Abdominal swelling/pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some causes of liver damages?

A
  • Alcohol
  • Drugs
  • Viruses
  • Infections
  • Poisons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long can acute hepatitis go on for and what can it lead?

A

<6 months
-> Resolve
-> Chronic hepatitis >6 months
-> Hepatic failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 4 stages of liver disease?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Healthy liver
  2. Fatty liver - fat deposits -> enlargement of liver
  3. Fibrosis - Formation of scar tissue
  4. Cirrhosis - Liver cells destroyed by growth of connective tissue
23
Q

Cirrhosis can lead to what?

24
Q

What is the term used for fatty liver?

25
What is hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver which can be acute or chronic.
26
What can be done if a patients liver is in the cirrhosis stage?
Liver transplant
27
What are major causes of acute hepatitis?
- Drug induced liver injury (DILI) - Fatty liver disease - Autoimmunity - Infectious hepatitis
28
Give two types of drugs which can damage the liver.
- Antibiotics - NSAIDs
29
Give a drug which can cause acute liver damage.
Paracetamol
30
True or False: Overdose of paracetamol can lead to death.
True
31
During phase 2 metabolism, 95% of paracetamol becomes inactive. What happens to the other 5%?
Becomes hepatotoxic - NAPQI -> adds glutathione which makes it non-toxic
32
What happens to the hepatoxic metabolites in phase 1 metabolism during an over dose?
Glutathione becomes depleted -> increase in NAPQI -> damage to liver cells
33
If a patient overdoses on paracetamol and is brought to the hospital, what can be given to them?
Paracetamol antidote -> N-acetyl cysteine -> need to be quick as delayed can lead to damage
34
What is acute cholestasis?
Blockage of bile duct -> bile builds up in liver -> damage
35
What is autoimmune hepatitis?
Own body cells attack the liver
36
What are the 2 types of autoimmune hepatitis?
- Adult AIH-1 - Paediatric AIH-2
37
Which gene can increase the risk of AIH?
Human Leukocyte Antigen
38
Which cells stop the function of T lymphocytes during an immune response? What effect does this have in some with AIH?
T regulatory cells. Individuals with AIH will have low levels of T regulatory cells, which will go on to attack the hepatocytes.
39
What is the role of CYP2D6?
Metabolises drugs
40
What does NAFLD stand for and what is it?
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease -> Build up of fatty deposits in liver
41
How much fat cotent is there in the liver for a patient to have NAFLD?
>5%
42
What is the other name for NAFLD?
Steatosis
43
What are so risk factors of NAFLD?
- Obesity - Diabetes - High BMI - High cholesterol - Unhealthy diet
44
What is the classification system of a liver?
- Healthy liver - MASLD (metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease) - MASH (metabolic-associated steatohepatitis) - Cirrhosis
45
Explain the pathophysiology of NAFLD.
Liver is exposed to high levels of free fatty acids -> Fatty acids cause cell stress -> activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) -> inflammation and immune response
46
What is alcoholic hepatitis?
Inflammation of liver due to alcohol
47
Can liver damage be reversed which is caused by alcohol?
As long as alcohol is stopped and if the liver damage is not in the fibrosis and cirrhosis stage.
48
How does alcohol cause liver damage?
Alcohol is broken down into acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase. High levels of acetaldehyde can cause oxidative stress on the cells due to ROS. Inflammation and fibrosis
49
Hepatitis A can be transmitted how?
Faecal-oral
50
True or False: Hepatitis B is an RNA virus.
False. It is a DNA virus.
51
Where does the Hepatitis A replicate?
In the hepatocytes and spread to bile and faeces.
52
How is Hepatitis B spread?
Blood borne -> Infected needles -> Sexually transmitted -> Unscreened blood transfusion
53
How does a virus enter a hepatocytes?
- Virus gets into liver cell - Injects DNA - Makes copies of itself - Remakes its own proteins - Making multiple copies of the virus -> go into the blood
54
What is hepatocellular carcinoma?
Cancer of the liver

PHA223 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions