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Histology - Junqueira's > Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Liver weight

A

1,500g or 2.5% of adult body weight

largest internal organ and mass of glandular tissue in the body

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2
Q

Liver location

A

below the diaphragm at the upper right quadrant

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3
Q

Fibrous connective tissue of the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

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4
Q

Anatomical lobes of the liver

A

(1) right lobe
(2) left lobe
(3) caudate lobe - upper middle
(4) quadrate lobe - lower middle

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5
Q

Endocrine function of the liver

What are the plasma proteins produced by the liver

A

1) albumin
2) glycoproteins (haptoglobin, transferrin, hemopexin)
3) fibrinogen
4) prothrombin
5) lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, HDL)

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6
Q

Composition of bile

A
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7
Q

Liver stores (1) what vitamins and (2) converts them into…

A
  • vitamin A > retinol
  • vitamin D > 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
  • vitamin K > prothrombin and clotting factors
  • Iron > all proteins involved in transport and metabolism (transferrin, haptoglobin, and hemopexin)
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8
Q

Metabolic pathways performed by the liver

A
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • glucose metabolism
  • glycogenolysis
  • cholesterol metabolism
  • synthesizes urea
  • synthesis and conversion of nonessential amino acids
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9
Q

carries 70% - 80% of liver blood supply

A

Hepatic portal vein

blood from the intestines, pancreas, and spleen; oxygen-poor but nutrient rich blood

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10
Q

Carries oxygen rich blood to the liver

A

Hepatic artery

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11
Q

(True/False)

Liver cells are never exposed to fully oxygenated blood

A

True

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12
Q

In liver parenchyma

(True/False)

The plates of hepatocytes in adults are 2 cell thick and separated by sinusoidal capillaries while in children they are 1 cell thick

A

False

The plates of hepatocytes in adults are 1 cell thick and separated by sinusoidal capillaries while in children they are 2 cell thick

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13
Q

Where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and bile ducts travel

continuous with Glisson capsule

A

Connective Tissue Stroma

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14
Q

Vascular channels between plates of hepatocytes

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

aka sinusoids

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15
Q

space between sinusoidal epithelium and hepatocytes

A

perisinusoidal spaces

aka space of Disse

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16
Q

3 ways to describe the structure of the liver

A

1) classic lobule
2) portal lobule
3) liver acinus

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17
Q

Structural unit of the liver

A

Classic hepatic lobule

Consists of stacks of one cell thick plates of hepatocytes separated by sinusoids; a central venule as the terminal hepatic venule; and several portal triads surrounding the periphery

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18
Q

loose stromal connective tissue, continuous with the Glisson capsule and contains the portal triad, lymphatics, and nerves

A

Portal Space or Portal Canal

3-6 portal space per classic lobule

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19
Q

Site where lymph originates in the liver; a space between the connective tissue stroma and hepatocyte

A

Periportal space or space of Mall

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20
Q

Portal triad is composed of:

A

1) hepatic portal venule
2) hepatic arteriole
3) bile duct

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21
Q

Bile duct is lined by what epithelium

A

simple cuboidal

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22
Q

Hepatic arteriole carries blood from the

A

celiac trunk of the abdominal aorta

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23
Q

the hepatic portal vein comes from (1) and drains to (2)

A

(1) superior and inferior mesenteric vein, splenic vein
(2) central venule to the inferior vena cava

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24
Q

Unit of the liver that emphasizes the exocrine function of the liver

A

portal lobule

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25
Formed peripherally by 3 central veins with 1 portal triad at the center ## Footnote traces bile drainage to the portal triad
Portal lobule
26
Lozenge shaped; is the smallest functional unit of the hepatic parenchyma
Liver Acinus ## Footnote Short axis is formed by 2 portal triads; Long axis is formed by 2 central veins
27
Basic structural component of the liver
Hepatocytes ## Footnote Large polygonal cells * nuclei are large, spherical, and centrally placed * eosinophilic cytoplasm * large number of mitochondria
28
Average lifespan of hepatocytes
5 months
29
(True/False) The liver is capable of regeneration when parenchyma is damaged or lost due to hepatotoxic processes, disease, or surgery
True
30
# What liver oxygenation zone? * First to receive oxygen, nutrients, and toxins from sinusoidal blood * First to show morphologic changes during bile duct occlusion or other pathologies * Last to die if circulation is impaired * First to regenerate
Zone 1
31
# What liver oxygenation zone? * First to show ischemic necrosis * First to show fat accummulation * Last to respond to toxic substances and bile stasis
Zone 3
32
Discontinuous layer of fenestrated endothelial cells
Liver sinusoids
33
Macrophages in sinusoids | In the luminal surface of the endothelial cells
Kupffer cells ## Footnote 15% of liver cell population
34
Fuctions to: 1) metabolize aged erythrocytes 2) digest hemoglobin 3) secrete protein related to immunologic process 4) destroy bacteria (from large intestine)
Kupffer cells
35
Space between the basal surfaces of hepatocytes and the basal surfaces of endothelial cells and kupffer cells that line the sinusoids | Site of exchange of materials between blood and liver cells
Perisinusoidal space or space of Disse
36
Fat storing cells in the space of Disse | contains vitamin A-rich lipid inclusions and type 1&3 collagen
Hepatic stellate cells | aka Ito cells ## Footnote Functions to: * uptake, storage, and release of retinoid * synthesis and secretion of growth factors and cytokines * regulation of the sinusoidal lumen diameter in response to different regulators (prostaglandin & thromboxane A2)
37
Billiary tree is lined by
Cholangiocytes ## Footnote apical domain contains microvilli and a primary cilium
38
Biliary tree epithelium
cuboidal to columnar
39
Bile cannaliculi are joined by what junction
tight junctions
40
Consists of specific hepatic stem cells
canal of Hering
41
Bile produced daily
1L
42
2 major functions of bile
1) absorption of fat 2) excretion of cholesterol, bilirubin, iron, & copper
43
# Regulation of bile flow Bile flow is increased by
* cholecystokinin (CCK) * Gastrin * motilin * parasympathetic stimulation
44
# Regulation of bile flow Bile secretion is decreased by
Estrogen
45
Hollow pear-shaped organ attached to the lower surface of the liver
Gallbladder
46
Gallbladder functions:
* store bile (30 to 50 mL) * concentrate bile by absorbing water * release bile
47
Epithelial lining of the gallbladder
simple columnar epithelium
48
(True/False) Mucosal folds are always present in the gallbladder
False mucosal folds are only present when empty
49
(True/False) the wall of the gallbladder lacks muscularis mucosae and submucosa
True
50
Deep diverticula of the mucosa ## Footnote Develop as the result of hyperplasia and herniation of epithelial cells through the muscularis externa
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
51
Epithelial cells of the gallbladder contain what protein channel
Aquaporin 1 and 8
52
Final modification of bile is mainly due to
(1) active transport of Na, Cl, and HCO3 (2) passive aquaporin-mediated transport of water
53
Pancreas location
Retroperitoneal at the level of the 2nd and 3rd lumbar vertebrae
54
Connective tissue that extends into the pancrease dividing it into ill-defined lobules
septa
55
The pancreatic duct of Wirsung empties into the duodenum via
hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)
56
Regulates the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum prevents reflux of intestinal contents into the pancreatic duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter (of Oddi)
57
pancreatic acini morphology
compound acinus gland ## Footnote Formed by simple epithelium or pyramidal serous cells
58
(True/False) Acinar cells are small at rest and wider during active secretion
True
59
Duct system of the exocrine pancreas
Acinus > intercalated ducts > intralobular duct > interlobular duct > main pancreatic duct
60
Most numerous in the tail region of the pancrease - endocrine portion of the pancreas
Islet of Langerhans
61
Major Pancreatic cells
62
Minor Pancreatic Cells

Histology - Junqueira's (7 decks)

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