What is the process where animals are chosen with desirable traits and intentiaonally bred with the hope of producing offspring with desirable characteristics or even improved traits?
selective breeding
What is mating two animals that are closely related?
inbreeding
In what breeding style do both parents have multiple occurrences of the same common ancestor in their lineage?
linebreeding
What is a group of animals that are genetically similar in color and conformation so that when mated to each other, produce young like themselves?
breed
What is amating a sire of one breed to a dam of another breed?
crossbreeding
What is a cross of Brahman and Angus called?
Brangus
What is heterosis?
genetic diversity
Hybrid vigor occurs as a result of what?
cross breeding
What is the benefit of hybrid vigor?
increased performance
What is mating two animals from the same breed?
purbreeding
What is a grade animal?
animal with no known lineage/breed
What is breeding two animals of distinct lineages within the same breed, where no common ancestor is found?
outcrossing
What is breeding a grade animal to a purebred animal?
grading up
Grading up may in crease the waht of a herd?
value
What are four undesirable traits in breeding large animals that may make an animal unfit for breeding?
entropion
cryptochism
cleft palate
limb deformities
What kind of estrous cycle does livestock have?
seasonally polyestrous
What is the estroys cycle type in which more than one strous cycle within a certain season occurs, until the animal becomes pregnant or anestrus begins?
seasonal polyestrous
Hormones can be used in livestock to do what in terms of breeding?
synchronize estrous cycles
What hormone level drops during proestrus?
progesterone
What hormone level increased during proestrus?
estradiol
GnRH
GnRh
Gonadotrpin-Releasing Hormone
What develops during proestrus?
Follicle
What is another name for estrus in livestock?
standing heat
What occurs to the follicle during estrus
?
reaches maximum growth
What hormone peaks at estrus?
LH
LH
lutenizing hormone
What does LH trigger?
ovulation
What is formed during metaestrus?
CL
CL
corpus luteum
What hormone level begins to rise during metaestrus?
progesterone
What reaches maximum size during diestrus?
CL
What hormone occurs in high levels in circulation during diestrus?
progesterone
At the end of diestrus what occurs to the CL if no pregnancy signal is detected?
lyses
If no preganancy is detected what is released to bind to the CL and cause cell death?
prostaglandins
The lysing and death of the CL triggers the release of what during diestrus?
oxytocin
The release of oxytocin as a result of lysing of CL causes further release of what during diestrus?
prostaglandin
What is used to shorten the AI breeding season, predict interals facilitating AI in females, reduce time and labor required to detect estrus, increases chances of successful pregnancies, allows for early parturition, and allows for improved group monitoring of females in a breeding program?
estrous synchronization products
Lutalyse contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2alpha
Estrumate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2alpha
ProstaMate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2lalpha
In Synch contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
prostaglandin F2alpha
Cystorelin contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
GnRH
Factrel contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
GnRH
Fertagyl contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
GnRH
Melengestrol Acetate contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
progesterone analog
EAZI-BREED CIDR Cattle Insert contains what active component responsible for its estrous synchronization properties?
progesterone
What exam is used to evaluate livestock for breeding, asses fertility, identify conditions that may decrease fertility, diagnose venereal diseases, and is performed just before the breeding season?
breeding soundness exam
What is evaluated in most males during a breeding soundness exam?
penis
scrotum
prepuce/sheath
testicles
What sedative may cause complications in males during a breeding soundness exam?
phenothiazines
What is measured in circumferential fashion during a breeding soundness exam in males?
scrotal circumference
What are the three indications for semen collection?
breeding soundness exam
reproductive tract health/disease evaluation
artificial insemination
What are the three primary methods for collecting semen from livestock?
electroejaculation
artificial vagina
manual/natural stimulation
What portions of the reproductive tract are evaluated in females during a breeding soundness exam?
vagina
ovaries
uterus
cervix
What laboratory procedure may be used to evaluate hormone levels in females during breeding soundness exams?
bloodwork
In what single species is it common to examine females for breeding soundness?
horses
In what four species is AI commonly used?
horses
cattle
dairy goats
swine
AI
artificial insemination
Do all registries accept individuals bred via AI?
no
What what species is enbryo transfer done most commonly?
cattle
In what process is a single female superovulated and bred, then harvested for embryos?
embryo transfer
By what methods can embryos be collected from a donor female during the embryo transfer process?
uterine flushing catheter
Foley catheter
surgical removal
Rectal palpation can be used to detect estrus in what species?
cattle
horses
Vaginal examinationcan be used to detect estrus in what species?
horses
Diagnostic ultrasound via rectum can be used to detect estrus in what species?
cattle
horses
Is observation of standing heat acceptable as a way to detect estrus?
yes
Isvaginal cytology acceptable as a way to detect estrus?
yes
Rectal palpation for pregnancy can be done how many days after breeding in horses?
18-21 days
28 days
Rectal palpation for pregnancy can be done how many days after breeding in cattle?
25-30 days
Sheep can be detected for estrus by the use of what in terms of rectal palpation?
palation rod
When can sheep be checked for pregnancy via rectal palation rod?
60 days
Is rectal palpation for pregnancy detection reccomended in swine and goats?
no
Rectal ultrasound can be used in horses to detect pregnancy how many days after breeding?
10-12 days
150 days
270 days
Is rectal ultrasound more or less reliable than rectal palpation for detection of pregnancy?
more reliable
Rectal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle at what day?
12 days
Rectal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants at what day?
18 days
Transabdominal ultrasound can used to detect pregnancy in horses only after what day?
80
Transabdominal ultrasound can be used to detect pregnancy in cattle only after what day?
60
The droppler can be used to detect pregnancy in small ruminants at what days?
35-40 days
The doppler can be used to detect pregnancy in swine best after how many days?
22 days
What is the pressing of one’s dist against the lower flank followed by an rapid inward push and subquescent feeling for rebound of the fetus in livestock?
ballotement
What is another name for ballotement?
bumping
Is balootement a relicable and accurate way of pregnancy detection?
no
In female large animals a swollen vulva, relaxation of tailhead and hindquarters, mucous discharge, and udder enlargement indicates what?
parturition onset
What occurs to a part of the reproductive tract of a female during stage 1 labor?
cervix dilates
What occurences characterize stage 2 labor?
water breaking fetus expulsed (birth)
What occurs during stage 3 labor?
placenta is passed
What may be three causes originating from the fetus that may cause distocia?
malformed fetus
too large fetus
abnormal position of fetus
What may be four causes originating from the dam that may cause distocia?
small birth canal
uterine torsion
supporting structure rupture
old or young in age dam
What is a critical factor is a dystocia situation?
time
What kind of chemical restraint may be used during dystocia?
epidural anesthesia
What are the three treatments for dystocia?
mutation & delivery by traction
fetotomy
cesarian section
Can mutation and traction devices for cattle be used on horses?
no
What are three instruments used during mutation and traction of the fetus during dystocia?
calf jack
OB snare
OB chains/handles
When is a fetotomy performed?
fetus is dead
How many cuts are usually needed to perform a fetotomy?
1-3
We must be careful to protect what during a fetotomy?
dam’s reprocutive tract
What instruments can be used to perform a fetotomy?
fetotome
gigli wire saw
fetotomy hooks/sanres
Is c-section common in ruminants?
yes
A c-section is often performed to prevement what in the at risk dam?
pregnancy toxemia
Who decides whether a c-section should be performed?
vet