Living with diabetes

Question 1

Which type of diabetes is described as the “inability to produce insulin due to B-cell failure due to directed autoantibodies”

Answer 1

Type 1

Question 2

What am I describing? “Insulin production is adequate but insulin resistance precents insulin working effectively and is invariably linked to obesity. There is either insulin deficiency or insulin resistance.”

Answer 2

Type 2 diabetes

Question 3

What are the symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

Answer 3

Polydipsia, polyuria, blurring of vision, urogenital infections (thrush)

Question 4

What is the test for measuring type 2 diabetes exclusively?

Answer 4

HbA1c

Question 5

What are the two way of testing type 1 diabetes?

Answer 5

Fasting glucose

Oral glucose tolerance test

Question 6

What is the purpose of a ketostick?

Answer 6

To measure blood ketons

Question 7

What is a common sign of ketoacidosis?

Answer 7

Vomitting

Question 8

How do you treat type 1 diabetes?

Answer 8

With exogenous insulin via subcutaneous insulin, several times a day

Question 9

Are urinary ketones present in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Describe the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Answer 10

The symptoms are very variable. They may have polydipsia, polyuria or weight loss.

Question 11

Give an example of large vessel damage caused by diabetes.

Answer 11

Stroke, heart attack, gangrene

Question 12

Retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are all examples of ……… ……… caused by diabetes

Answer 12

Microvascular damage

Question 13

What leads to ketoacidosis in diabetics?

Answer 13

There is increased lipolysis due to the change of the insulin:glucagon ratio. This increases the free fatty acid concentration and leads to increased ketone production

Question 14

Bariatric surgery can causes the normalisation of blood glucose within 7 days. True or false?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Why is there a massive fall in liver fat content following bariatric surgery?

Answer 15

Caloric intake massively falls so fat is mobilised from the liver and ectopic sites

Question 16

What is diabetes?

Answer 16

Diabetes is when blood glucose is too high (hyperglycaemia) and over years leads to damage of the small and large blood vessels causing premature death from cardiovascular disease

Question 17

What is C peptide? And what is it an indicator of in patients suffering from type 1 diabetes?

Answer 17

Connecting peptide is released in equimolar amounts to insulin from the pancreatic B cells and is cleaved from proinsulin during biosynthesis of insulin. It is an indicator of the patients endogenous insulin

Question 18

What is the mode of action of metformin? Used to treat type 2 diabetes.

Answer 18

Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis

Question 19

What is the half life of insulin?

Answer 19

4-6 mins

Question 20

How many disulphide bonds in insulin?

Answer 20

3

Question 21

What is the primary glucose transporter in pancreatic B cells?

Answer 21

Glut 2

Question 22

Name the type of surgical procedure that can be used to remove a pituitary tumour by inserting an endoscope through the nose.

Answer 22

Transsphenoidal surgery

Question 23

Prolactinomas are treated with a ……… receptor agonist

Answer 23

Dopamine

Question 24

Excess cortisol causes high blood glucose. True or false?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is the effect of dexamethasone on cortisol levels?

Answer 25

It decreases them