LO3-4 Endocrine Emergencies Flashcards
(23 cards)
Hypothalamus
mediator between nervous system and endocrine system
Pituitary gland(base of brain)
master gland- responsible for controlling others
Thyroid
Parathyroid:
Thyroid: secretes thyroxine- main metabolic hormone
Parathyroid: regulates calcium
Adrenal glands
cortical steroids
Medulla
epi and nor epi
Pancreas
controls beta and alpha cells
Beta cells
releases insulin
Alpha cells
release glucagon
pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetics (insulin dependant)
Cell takes glucose into cell to create energy but insulin dependent diabetics’ cells don’t let glucose in so it uses fat as energy which is converted to fatty acids
The fatty acids create a lot of ketones as by products
Ketones convert to hydrogen ions, CO2 and heat
This can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Life threatening
Occurs when certain acids accumulate in the body
DKA occurs when the cells experience famine
Because the cells are lacking glucose to convert to energy they begin to use other sources for energy
The metabolism of fat causes the build up of acids and ketones
The body also experiences a loss of water and electrolytes due to high levels of glucose in the blood
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria: Compensating mechanism of too much sugar is to pee it out
Polydipsia: drinking lots of water
Getting dehydrated from so much peeing
Up to 6L of dehydration
Polyphagia: eating excessive amounts of food
Cells don’t get enough sugar trying to eat more
Signs and symptoms of DKA
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Tachycardia: consequence of dehydration trying to get sugar
Kusmals breathing: deep and fast breathing trying to blow of co2
Warm dry skin
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HONK)
BGL greater than 33MMOL/L
A metabolic disorder that occurs primary in type 2 diabetes
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Characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity and abscence of ketosis
HONK and DKA tend to overlap and often observed simultaneously
HONK develops secondary in patients with diabetes who have some secondary illness that leads to reduced fluid intake
Diabetes Mellitus
A metabolic disorder in which the bodys ability to metabolize simple carbohydrates (glucose) is impaired
inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose because of
1) The pancreas does not produce enough insulin
2) The cells do not respond to the effects of the insulin
Type 1
Common in children
Also know as juvenile diabetes
Most type 1 patients produce too little to no insulin at all
- -Viral response attacks Tcells and beta cells in pancreas
- -Autoimmune disorder
These patients require daily doses of insulin to:
- -Regulate sugar levels
- -Prevent the formation of ketoacids
Diabetic patients will use diet control to assist in management of their condition
Signs and symptoms type 1
Sudden weight lost- veryhungy
Frequent urination
Numbness tingling
Blurried vission
Type 2
Most common
Adult onset diabetes
Insulin resistance
Typically medications, exercise and diet control are used to manage
type 2 signs and symptoms
Fatigue Nausea Frequent urination Thirst Unexplained weight loss Blurred vision Slow healing Cranky Confused Shaky Unresponsiveness Seizure
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
Less than 4.5mmol/l
Usually the result of taking too much insulin or oral diabetic medicine, too little food or both
This causes the cells and brain to be starved of glucose
Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms
Tachycardia Sweating Hunger Headache Confusion Memory loss Incoordination Dilated pupils Slurred speech Seizure/coma Severe cases may present as a stroke Cool and clammy needs some candy
Hyperglycemia signs and symptoms
High blood glucose level
Most common presenting feature of diabetes mellitus
Typically the result of excessive food intake, insufficient insulin dosages, infection or illness
If this is left untreated may lead to DKA
Caused by excessive efood intake, insufficient insulin dosages, infection or illness, injury, emotional stress
Hot and dry- sugar is high
Treatment
LOC ABC skin
If they are low and can eat let them eat carbs
Unconscious IV D5,10,50
DKA- NEEDS FLUID!!!!!!
