lo5 and lo6 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
WHMIS is organized by x but governed by x
A
-federal
-provincial
2
Q
whmis 3 components for legislation
A
training
SDS
labels
3
Q
Risk groups, individual and community risk for each
A
-Risk group 1- low individual risk, low community risk
-Risk group 2- moderate individual risk, low community risk
-Risk group 3- high individual risk, low community risk
-Risk group 4- high individual risk, high community risk
4
Q
BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET class 1
A
– low to moderate risk biological agents
- airflow is not recirculated and is released away from the operator into the atmosphere after filtration
through a HEPA filter. Protects operator and environment but does not protect the material within the cabinet
5
Q
BSC class 2
A
– Product, personnel and environmental protection
-front access opening with inward airflow
- HEPA filtered, vertical, unidirectional airflow within the work area
- HEPA filtered exhaust air to the room or to a facility exhaust system
6
Q
our 210A lab is what type of class
A
Class II Type B2 because the air does not recirculate back into the lab
7
Q
Class III BSC
A
unocomman
– Total Containment Cabinets – gas tight, designed for use with high-risk
biological agents.
-Highest level of personnel, product and environmental protection.
-Level 4 pathogens
8
Q
chemical hazard pictograms review slide 9
A
9
Q
whmis label requirements 7
A
-Chemical name (formula if possible)
¡ Concentration (if applicable)
¡ Weight (if applicable)
¡ Hazards (danger or warning)
¡ Safe handling instructions (or reference to WHMIS SDS)
¡ Date of preparation
¡ Technologists first initial and last name
10
Q
aerosols
A
Suspensions of
solid or liquid
particles in air
that may gain
access to the
respiratory
system
11
Q
Centrifuge
spills must wait
A
30 min
12
Q
grades of chemicals : Analytical Grade (A.R.)
A
-Highest purity level
* Trace substances listed
* Lot Analyzed
* Maximum Limits of Impurities
* Used in research lab for various tests
13
Q
Chemically Pure Grade (C.P.), report limits ?
A
- Not as pure as A.R. chemicals
- Does not report the limits of impurities tolerated
- Used most often in clinical laboratories
14
Q
U.S.P. OR N.F. Grade
A
- Used for pharmaceutical work
- Must meet specifications made by the U.S.P. or the N.F.
- Must report impurities that are injurious to health
15
Q
Purified, Practical or Pure Grade
A
- Used as starting materials for creation of other chemicals with higher purity
- Use in clinical laboratories only if purified reagents are not available
16
Q
Technical or Commercial Grade
A
- Used commercially or for manufacturing
- High degree of impurities
- Not to be used in the clinical laboratory
17
Q
Most commonly used substance in clinical laboratory testing is
A
water
18
Q
Ions present in water can
A
falsely elevate values if they are the same as the
constituent being measured (i.e. Potassium
ions)
19
Q
Impurities present in water can
A
interfere with a substance needed to perform a certain reaction
20
Q
pH of water must be
A
kept at a specific value for
certain tests and stains
21
Q
inorganic water impurities, 2 ex
A
- Dissolve and
ionize in solution - i.e., Chloride and
sodium ions
22
Q
organic water impurities
A
- Contain carbon
and do not ionize
in solution - i.e.,
Microorganisms
23
Q
Particulate and Colloid water impurities
A
- Do not dissolve in water
- i.e., Dust and sand
24
Q
Dissolved Gases 2 ex
A
- Dissolved gases in water
- i.e., Nitrogen, carbon dioxide
25
methods of water purification 5:
No single method is able to remove all four at once, so they are used in combination
to perform purification
-distillation
-deionization
-reverse osmosis
-filtration
-adsorption
26
distillation, what is it removing and the process
-Converts water to steam, then condenses it back to water
-Pure water boils at lower temperature than impure water
-Water vaporizes and impure substances are left behind
-Removes minerals and organic matter
-Cannot remove volatile substances like ammonia, carbon dioxide, chlorine, and low-boiling organic compounds
-Distilled water is not sterile
27
DEIONIZATION/DEMINERALIZATION
¡ Removes ionic impurities by covalently binding the ions to resin beads
¡ Cannot remove non-ionized impurities
¡ Resin beads are coated with either anionic or cationic substances to attract the
oppositely charged impurities
¡ Liberate H+ and OH- that combine to form water
28
REVERSE OSMOSIS
¡ Impurities are separated from water by applying a high pressure across a
semi-permeable membrane
¡ Membrane will allow water through but will prevent dissolved solids from moving
through
¡ Removes dissolved solids, organic impurities, ionic impurities
¡ Cannot remove dissolved gases
¡ Usually used as a pretreatment before distillation or deionization
29
FILTRATION
-Water is filtered through glass or cotton microfibers
-¡ Removes particulate matter, insoluble matter, emulsified solids, and microorganisms
¡ Can be used before, after, or before and after other forms of water purification
¡ Filters can be as small as 0.2 µm
30
ADSORPTION
¡ Activated charcoal, clay, silicates, or metal oxides are used to facilitate adsorption of impurities from water
¡ Removes organic impurities
Activated carbon beds are often used to
removed organic material and chlorine by
trapping materials in small pores or on the
surface of carbon granules
31
TESTING FOR WATER PURITY 7 things
S,p,m,o,h,s,h
Specific Conductance and Resistance :Tests the number of ions present in the water; ↑ specific resistance = ↑ purity
pH: Ensures the pH of pure water is between 6 and 8 pH
Microbiological Impurities :Tests the number of bacteria present in water; expressed as colony forming units per mL of water (CFU/mL)
Organic Matter:Ensures that the water has less than 500 particles/litre greater than 0.2 micrometres in size
Hardness : Measures the sum of calcium and magnesium ions present in the water
Silicate : Determines the amount of soluble silica (sand) in mg/L.
Heavy metals: Ensures the amount of lead and mercury in water is less than 0.01 mg/L
32
STORAGE OF WATER
¡ Water should be stored in approved storage containers
¡ Borosilicate glass, PVC, ABS plastics, etc.
¡ Should not be stored over long periods of time
33
Clinical Lab
Reagent Water
(CLRW)
* Highest purity
* Used in clinical lab
* Certain specifications
34
Special Reagent
Water
(SRW)
* Less pure than CLRW
35
Instrument Feed
Water
* Internal rinsing,
dilution and water
bath functions of
automated
instruments
* Use CLRW for this
36
Manufacturer
Diluent or
Reagent Water
* Provided by
manufacturer for a
particular analyzer
* Do not use in place of
CLRW or SRW unless
validated
37
Commercial
Water
* Free from
contamination
* Drinking water
* Must be validated for
use in the lab
38
Autoclave/Wash
Water
* No specifications but
should be pure enough
to not contaminate
the media or washed
glassware
39
MONITORING WATER PURITY
¡ Measuring parameters at certain intervals and documenting them
¡ Implementing periodic maintenance of the system
¡ Intermittent system sanitization
40
CHEMICAL REAGENT PREPARATION
-Use best available grade
- smallest bottle
-Always replace top
-Stoppers should stay in fingers
-Always mix the reagent
- use an aliquot vessel
41
WHMIS definition and 3 Key elements of the system are
Workplace Hazardous Materials Identification
System
¡ Hazard classification
¡ Cautionary labelling of containers
¡ Provision of (material) safety data sheets ((M)SDSs)
and worker education and training programs.
42
GHS
¡ Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labelling for Chemicals
¡ An internationally consistent approach to classifying
chemicals and communicating hazard information
though labels and safety data sheets
¡ Hazard classification and communication
requirements of WHMIS have now been aligned
(2015) with those of GHS to allow for easier
communication between the US and other trading
partners.
43
WHMIS/GHS CHEMICAL LABELLING 7 parts
¡ Chemical name (formula if possible)
¡ Concentration (if applicable)
¡ Weight (if applicable)
¡ Hazards
¡ Safe handling instructions (or reference to WHMIS SDS)
¡ Date of preparation
¡ Technologists first initial and last name
44
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION PROBLEMS
¡ No container labelling.
¡ Wrong container labelling.
¡ Excessive storage of flammable or toxic materials.
¡ Insufficient label information.
¡ Multiple conflicting labels.
¡ Prolonged shelf life that may cause the formation of dangerous compounds
45
CHEMICAL LABELLING RULES
¡ Do not accept chemicals for use or disposal unless they are identified
¡ All containers of chemical materials and gases must have adequate labeling without
exception
¡ Always read and re-read label before use
¡ Make sure the container is appropriate for the substance it is to contain and is
uncontaminated
¡ When reusing a container, remove all contents and all labels and rinse out – then relabel
¡ To prevent hazards from unidentified samples, make sure all containers are labelled,
inventories are routinely reviewed, and old samples discarded, and special precautions are
taken to dispose of unlabeled samples
46
DRYING CHEMICALS. CBS
¡ Use a hot air oven (min. 1 hour at 110 degrees C)
or desiccator
¡ Desiccator is used to achieve/maintain low
humidity
¡ Examples: calcium chloride, barium oxide, silica gel
47
DESICCANT AND USE OF A DESICCATOR
¡ Chemical that combines with moisture from the surrounding atmosphere
¡ Some are better than others, but no desiccant can keep air within a closed desiccator perfectly dry.
¡ Do not handle bottles placed inside the desiccator directly with fingers (use tongs)
¡ Do not open the cover any more than necessary – lets in moisture!
48
STANDARD SOLUTIONS
Standard is a solution which has one or more accurately known characteristics
¡ Standards are used as a basis for determining or calculating by comparison the same
characteristics in an unknown
¡ The exact concentration of the standard is known or can be calculated
¡ Standards are made by accurately weighing out a pre-determined amount of the pure
chemical/solute and dissolving it in an accurate volume of solvent
49
Primary Standard
* Accurately weighed out chemical at a pre-selected
concentration
* Use analytical [reagent] grade chemicals 99.5% or more
pure
* Must be stable substances or definite composition
* Must be non-hygroscopic (do not absorb water while
weighing)
50
Secondary Standard
* Solutions whose specific concentration is determined
by standardization with primary standards
* Made from a primary standard
51
Stock Standard
* It is a standard solution that is made to a concentration that is
most stable for that chemical in solution
* Too high of a concentration to use for daily work
* Stable for a long period of time
* May need to be stored in amber bottle or have preservatives
added
* Saves accurately weighing out the chemicals daily
* Can be either a primary or a secondary standard
52
Working Standard
* Standard solution made from stock standard
* Lower concentration for routine analysis
* Is less stable than stock so must be made fresh more frequently
53
CARE OF STOCK STANDARDS
¡ Bottles kept tightly stoppered to prevent evaporation of the solvent
¡ Mix standard solutions well to ensure proper consistency
¡ Portions of solutions do not go back into the same bottle
¡ Storage:
¡ May require dark/amber bottle to protect from sunlight
¡ May require refrigeration
¡ Should be labelled following the WHMIS guidelines
54
Type of balance used depends on
the amount of chemical to be weighed and the
accuracy it requires
55
Analytical balance
usually to 4 or 5 decimal places
56
Top loading balance
usually to 2 or 3 decimal places
57
WEIGHING DISHES/BOATS
¡ Used to weigh out crystal or powder
chemicals
¡ Have plastic or wax coating to
prevent chemicals from adhering to
the sides of the vessel and allows
rinsing
58
WEIGHING BOTTLES
¡ Used when weighing fine powders or hygroscopic substances
¡ Prevents loss of fine powder chemicals due to air currents
¡ Minimizes amount of moisture absorbed by hygroscopic chemicals
59
QUANTITATIVE TRANSFER
¡ A technique used to transfer material and dissolve it in solvent, without any loss of the material.
60
BASIC PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING SOLUTIONS
1. Obtain the appropriate chemicals and glassware
2. Place a small volume (approx. 1/3 total volume) of diluent in volumetric flask
3. Accurately weigh out the chemical
4. Transfer weighed chemical in flask using a dry funnel (rinse with diluent)
5. Add diluent (approx. ½ to 2/3) to flask and mix to dissolve
6. Bring total volume to calibration mark (QS)
7. Place lid on flask and invert to mix
61
Dry chemical solute, readily soluable
* Readily soluble in water
* Basic procedure is
sufficient
62
Dry chemical solute, not readily soluble . Ex
* Not readily soluble in
water
* Basic procedure used
with addition of heat or
magnetic stirring bar
* i.e. benzoic acid in
water
63
Stock acid or base solute, 3 parts
* Basic procedure
followed in a fume
hood or a BSC
* Always add acid to
water (exothermic rx)
* Do not wipe glass
pipette tip
64
FILTRATION, 2 types
Gravity filtration: gravity pulls the liquid through the paper
Vacuum filtration: vacuum employed to speed up process
