Locomotion

Question 1

What is locomotion?

Answer 1

how organisms move around and reproduce

Question 2

what is Max metabolic rate?

Answer 2

absolute max output of power/ energy

energy needed to do a very powerful burst of activity

Question 3

what are the physiological limitations of energy production?

Answer 3

limit rate of ATP production
delivery of O2 to muscles

Question 4

What is sustained metabolic rate?

Answer 4

highest level of metabolic rate you can achieve when doing a longer sustained activity

Question 5

What does understanding max MR help us predict?

Answer 5

reproduction, distribution, range, migration and other constraints on survivorship

Question 6

What are the metabolic pools in a cell? What are they used for?

Answer 6

ATP and phosphocrestine (PCr)
ATP is used as a instant energy (to do use energy fast)
PCr is used as a backup for the ATP (used after all ATP is gone)
used to allow glycolysis and oxidation phosphorylation to occur

Question 7

What is oxygen debt?

Answer 7

when you’ve used up cellular pool of ATP/PCr, so now you’ve produced lactic acid

Question 8

What does recover metabolism do?

Answer 8

clears the lactic acid produced in O2 debt, and replenished ATP and PCr pools

Question 9

_____ mass organisms are more efficient in moving than ______ mass organisms

Answer 9

higher
small

Question 10

What is metabolic scope?

Answer 10

Capacity (or scope) of an organism to do an activity at a high level (increase its metabolic rate)
metabolic scope between endo and ecto of the same mass is similar

Question 11

How do we calculate metabolic scope?

Answer 11

MR max/RMR or MRsus/RMR

Question 12

_______ RMR is higher than ________ RMR

Answer 12

endotherms
ectotherms

Question 13

Large organisms spend _____ energy overcoming drag than small organisms

Answer 13

less

Question 14

what is inertia? Who does it affect more, small or big organisms?

Answer 14

tendency of a mass to resist Change in motion,
small animals have less inertia than large, so inertia affects large organisms more

Question 15

What is momentum?

Answer 15

tendency of a moving mass to sustain velocity

Question 16

What is drag?

Answer 16

Drag is force generated in opposite direction of animals movement by the density/viscosity of the animal
(determined by the density of animal)

Question 17

as mass and velocity increase what happens to drag?

Answer 17

drag increases
more energy goes into overcoming it

Question 18

What are the forces acting on a runner? Which affects runners most?

Answer 18

gravity
thrust
drag
muscle action (force that supports our mass, normal force)
Gravity affects them the most

Question 19

small running organisms have _____ COT over time, big running organisms have ______ COT over time

Answer 19

higher
lower
(but to begin moving, big animals have higher COT)

Question 20

Why do small runners have to work harder to move fast?

Answer 20

limbs/muscles are shorter, more contact with ground

Question 21

Why does the COT in runners decrease as velocity increases?

Answer 21

momentum increases so there is less contact with ground (less energy loss)
and more energy can go toward generating forward motion

Question 22

as velocity increases, what happens to msMRmax?

Answer 22

increase linearly

Question 23

small organisms have _______ msMRmax than larger organisms

Answer 23

greater

Question 24

How do you calculate COT from a velocity vs msMRmax graph?

Answer 24

msMRmax / velocity

Question 25

what are the forces acting on a swimmer? What has the most effect, why?

Answer 25

Gravity Buoyancy: things in water are buoyant bc of swim bladders Thrust: energy to go forward Drag drag is biggest cost to swimmer, pushing on swimmer as it moves at higher speed

Question 26

Density/viscosity of water is ______ than air

Answer 26

greater

Question 27

What is meant by "body plan"

Answer 27

adapted shape of the swimmer to minimize drag

Question 28

What are the two type of drag that affect swimmers?

Answer 28

Viscous force (skin friction drag) inertial force (pressure drag)

Question 29

what is skin friction drag

Answer 29

how hard it is to move through water because of on friction from surface area

Question 30

What size swimmers feel skin friction drag more, why? Which size feels less?

Answer 30

Small organisms feel it more. feel like they are moving through honey (viscous) Large organisms feel this force less, because SA/V ratio is smaller than small organisms. they feel like they're moving through water

Question 31

What is pressure drag?

Answer 31

prevents thing from moving through water too quickly has more effect on swimmers at high speed

Question 32

What size swimmers feel pressure drag more, why? Which size feels less?

Answer 32

bigger impact on large organisms, it feels the drag affect more at high speed Small organisms feel it less because it moves less quickly.

Question 33

How do swimmer minimize the effect of drag?

Answer 33

through the shape of organism (long and narrow) faster swimmers have drag minimizing shapes

Question 34

What happens to energy expenses (msMR) as velocity in water increases?

Answer 34

Energy expenses increase because energy is being used to fight pressure drag at high velocity

Question 35

Why does small swimmer work harder to move fast?

Answer 35

shorter limbs/muscles

Question 36

The velocity vs COT graph for a swimmer is shaped:

Answer 36

like a u shaped curve (they initially need energy to get moving, then they use less to continue moving, then they reach a point where they need to use energy again)

Question 37

What size swimmer has overall lower COT in water?

Answer 37

big swimmers have lower COT smaller swimmers have higher COT

Question 38

What are the forces acting on a flier, what affect do they have?

Answer 38

gravity: more important at low velocities Lift: counters gravity, increases with velocity Thrust: energy to move forward Drag: more effect at higher velocity

Question 39

What forces affects fliers most?

Answer 39

gravity and drag

Question 40

What size flier is most affected by gravity

Answer 40

Large fliers (more mass) fight harder to overcome gravity Very small fliers (insects) are affected much less

Question 41

What size flier is most affected by drag

Answer 41

Larger fliers must work hard to overcome drag Very small fliers “swim” through air bc of their higher relative density/viscosity

Question 42

What do small fliers do to move fast?

Answer 42

constantly flap wings to stay aloft (uses more energy)

Question 43

What do large fliers do to move fast?

Answer 43

glide through air (reduces energy expenses)

Question 44

As velocity increases, both lift and drag ______. What does this mean for the effect of gravity and drag at high velocities?

Answer 44

increase energy expense to fight gravity decreases energy expense to fight drag increases (bc there's more drag)

Question 45

what is induced power? what happens to it at high velocity?

Answer 45

energy needed to counter gravity, decreases at high velocity

Question 46

What is Parasite power? what happens to it at high velocity?

Answer 46

energy needed to counter drag At high velocity, fliers need more parasite power (to overcome drag)

Question 47

for fliers, what is the overall energy (MRmax) curve a combination of? What does the lowest point on the curve mean?

Answer 47

combination of the induced and parasite power. At the lowest point, the flyer can fly most effectively