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BIO energy budgets > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

homeo (similar) stasis (state)

It it a dynamic process that is regulated by how the organism can change its behaviour/metabolism to maintain its internal environment to an acceptable range

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2
Q

what are the parameters that organisms must control?

A

pH,
water (volume and pressure of cells and blood plasma, osmoregulation),
solutes,
temp,
O2/Co2,
heart rate,
input/output

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3
Q

What is a Negative feedback mechanism?

A

A change in a variable under homeostatic control, triggers a response that opposes the change

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4
Q

sensor:

A

detects environmental conditions
ex. temp: nerve endings in skin

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5
Q

Integrator:

A

analyzes signal from sensor, compares conditions to the set point and activated an appropriate effector
ex. brain, hypothalamus

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6
Q

Effector:

A

causes a physiological change that opposes the deviation from the set point
ex. skeletal muscle, sweat glands

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7
Q

stimulus:

A

something that causes something else to happen, develop, or become more active

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8
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms work to

A

reestablish homeostasis

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9
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms are

A

change in variable under homeostatic control triggers a response that amplifies the change
good for achieving an outcome once

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10
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms push a system

A

away from homeostasis (produces more and more)
Amplifies the change
not homeostatic

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11
Q

Thermoregulation is

A

regulating the internal body temperature
Temperature has a huge impact on
energy budgets

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12
Q

_________ has a huge impact on
energy budgets

A

Temperature

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13
Q

Ambient temperature (Ta)
Body temperature (Tb)
What’s the same and what’s different for ectotherms and endotherms?

A

for ectotherms the ta and Tb are the same

for endotherms the ta and Tb are different (bc endotherms create their own heat)

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14
Q

heat is generated by

A

metabolism

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15
Q

heat can be exchanged with the environment by

A

conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation

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16
Q

Endotherms use the heat made by
metabolism for ______

A

thermoregulation

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17
Q

Ectotherms let the heat generated by metabolism ________

A

dissipate into the environment

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18
Q

Body heat can be regulated by

A

changing the rate of heat gain and loss

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19
Q

Rate of heat exchange is called

A

conductance

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20
Q

Large organisms have ______ due to _______

A

lower conductance (rate of heat exchange)
smaller SA:V ratios

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21
Q

Small organisms have ________ due to ______

A

higher conductance (rate of heat exchange)
larger SA:V ratios

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22
Q

homeotherm:

A

maintains a constant body temp (Tb) independent of ambient temperature (Ta),

can be human or earthworm.

very stable temperature

most endotherms are homotherms

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23
Q

Heterotherms:

A

(Tb) fluctuates with (Ta).
mostly ectotherms, but some can be endotherms
ex. Freshwater fish whose (Tb) changes with seasonal changes in the water temperature (Ta).

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24
Q

Endotherms:

A

uses metabolism to generate body heat (internal heat generation)

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25
Q

Ectotherm:

A

aquires body heat from the environment, do generate heat via metabolism (but don’t keep or use that heat)

external heat source

ex. Ice fish are homeotherms and ectotherms because they live in a stable environment (ice water)

26
Q

By reducing your ____ you don’t have to eat as much to maintain a _____ (heterotherms that are endotherms)

A

internal temp
higher body temp

27
Q

at low temps, enzymes are

A

inactive

28
Q

at high temps, enzymes are

A

denatured

29
Q

the optimum temp for enzyme activity is

A

just before enzymes are denatured

30
Q

as an endotherms Ta increases, its Tb _____

A

stays relatively the same

31
Q

as an ectotherms Ta increases, its Tb ______

A

Increases proportionally
tb=ta

32
Q

Where does thermoregulation occur:

A

Above and below the TNZ (thermal neutral zone)
occurs in order to regulate body temp

33
Q

In the graph of “Ambient Temperature (Ta) and Metabolic Rate (RMR) in a Homeothermic Endotherm” the steeper the line, the:

A

greater conductance

34
Q

In the graph of “Ambient Temperature (Ta) and Metabolic Rate (RMR) in a Homeothermic Endotherm” when the line is straight, that is the:

A

thermal neutral zone
minimal metabolic regulation occurs

35
Q

In the graph of “Ambient Temperature (Ta) and Metabolic Rate (RMR) in a Homeothermic Endotherm” below the thermal neutral zone is

A

hypothermy
Shivering, vasoconstriction, piloerection, decreasing surface area, decreasing exposure (huddling/burrowing)

36
Q

In the graph of “Ambient Temperature (Ta) and Metabolic Rate (RMR) in a Homeothermic Endotherm” above the thermal neutral zone is

A

(Hyperthermy)
Panting, vasodilation, sweating, increasing surface area, decreasing exposure (to sun),

37
Q

longer term solution to regulate body temp, that are not instantaneous are

A

Growing fur/adding fat, shedding, changing color

38
Q

Low conductance is an adaptation for

A

heat retention (in the arctic bc its cold)

39
Q

High conductance is an adaptation for

A

heat loss (in the tropical bc its hot)

40
Q

in “Ambient Temperature (Ta) and Metabolic Rate (SMR) in a Heterothermic Ectotherm” graph, as Ta increase, what stages does the SMR go through?

A

hypothermia
lethargy
activity
hyperthermia

41
Q

the thermal neutral zone for homeotherms is between the :

A

lower critical temp and higher critical temp

42
Q

what is Behavioural regulation of conductance:

A

Moving to optimize heat exchange with the environment to attain an ideal body temp

43
Q

what are the four groups of Behavioural regulation of conductance?

A

exposure
grouping
dormancy
migration

44
Q

exposure is:

A

Movement into or out of the sun/wind
Surface area
ex. organism going in the shade

45
Q

Grouping is:

A

huddling together to share radiation
ex. bats in a cave

46
Q

Dormancy (daily torpor) is:

A

reduce spending energy to stay warm (short 6-8 hr reduction)

“nocturnal” torpor helps conserve energy, high metabolic rate is “turned down” nightly/seasonally to reduce NRG requirements in cold, drought, famish environments.

47
Q

dormancy (Hibernation) is:

A

when TB regulated close to TA,
huge reduction in metabolic rate,
lasts 2 weeks before arousal,
requires huge heat generation for arousal, awake for 1-2 days then repeats.

48
Q

Migration is:

A

the Complete avoidance of poor environmental conditions
Ex. Whales, birds, caribou, butterflies

49
Q

Physiological regulation of conductance is:

A

Making physiological adjustments to optimize heat exchange with environment to attain ideal body temp

50
Q

ways to physiologically regulate conductance:

A

Acclimation
Blood Flow
Insulation
Fur Length and Colour Change
Sweating/panting
Cryoprotectants
Shivering Thermogenesis
Non shivering thermogenesis

51
Q

Membrane acclimation: is

A

accumulation of changes in every cell acclimates the organism to their environment

52
Q

Blood flow is in two groups:

A

Vasoconstriction: decreases conductance with environment (Endotherms, when cold to retain heat, ectotherms, when hot to retain heat)
Vasolidation: increases conductance with environment (Endotherms, when hot to release heat, ectotherms, when cold to release heat gained from environment)

53
Q

Insulation:

A

internal (fat, blubber): internal insulation layer that slows the rate of heat transfer
External (fur/feathers): external insulation layer to slow rate of heat transfer
Plioerection: the fluffing of fur/feathers to decrease rate of heat transfer by increasing thickness of insulation layer

54
Q

Fur/feather thickness/length regulates conductance by

A

giving better insulation
animals increase amount/thickness of fur between summer and winter

55
Q

Fur coloration (dark fur) helps by

A

absorbing light,
generates heat outside of insulation layer,
easily lost to environment

56
Q

Fur coloration (white fur) helps by

A

White fur: let’s light reach skin, generates heat inside of insulation layer, keeps arctic animals warmer

57
Q

Fur coloration (hollow hairs) helps by

A

Hollow hairs: allow radiation to transmit down hair shaft, so that baby seals and polar bears gain most solar heat

58
Q

Sweating and panting regulate heat by:

A

evaporation causing heat loss

59
Q

Cryoprotectants

A

Molecules (glucose, glycerol) produced to:
1. Lower freezing point
2. Allow ice to form in extracellular spaces, but not internally
metabolic rate is zero but they’re still alive (makes them colder)

60
Q

Ice-nucleating agents are when

A

Antifreeze proteins prevent ice formation

61
Q

Shivering thermogenesis is when

A

Simultaneous action of antagonistic muscles generating heat without causing movement (shivering to make heat)

62
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis:

A

special fat tissue (brown fat) that is loaded with special mitochondria
Instead of using PMF for ATP production, it’s used to generate “heat” (the protons go through UCP1)
Used to raise Tb (especially in newborns)

BIO energy budgets (6 decks)

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