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June LSAT - Yasss Girl > Logical Reasoning > Flashcards

Logical Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

LR Method

A
  • Start with Question Stem - identify type
  • Untangle the stimulus
  • Predict the Correct Answer
  • Evaluate the Answer Choices
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2
Q

If have a strong prediction ___

A

pick it and quit it

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3
Q

“most calls into question”

A

Weaken Question Stem

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4
Q

“vulnerable to criticism”

A

Flaw Question Stem

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5
Q

Wrong answer type: Outside the scope

A

A choice containing a statement that is too broad, too narrow, or beyond the purview of the stimulus

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6
Q

Wrong answer type: Irrelevant comparison

A

A choice that compares two items or attributes in a way not germane to the author’s argument or statements.

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7
Q

Wrong answer type: Extreme

A

A choice containing language too emphatic to be supported by the stimulus. Extreme choices are often characterized by words like: All, never, every or none

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8
Q

Wrong answer type: Distortion

A

A choice that mentions details from the stimulus but mangles or misstates the relationship between them given or implied by the author

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9
Q

Wrong answer type: 180

A

A choice that directly contradicts what the correct answer must say

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10
Q

Wrong answer type: Faulty use of detail

A

A choice that accurately states something from the stimulus but in a manner that answers the question incorrectly.

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11
Q

Conclusions are always statements that call out for a reason ___

A

They always elicit the question, why?

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12
Q

Conclusion, what is the __

A

Author’s point?

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13
Q

Conclusion Keywords

A

Hence, thus, consequently, as a result, so, it follows that

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14
Q

Evidence Keywords

A

Because, after all, for, since, research has shown, consider the data

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15
Q

VIPCAR

A 
Value Judgement 
If/Then
Prediction
Comparison
Assertion of Fact
Recommendation
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16
Q

Value Judgement

A

An evaluative statement “action x is unethical” or “Y’s recital was poorly sung”

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17
Q

If/Then

A

A conditional statement. A conditional prediction, recommendation or assertion.

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18
Q

Prediction

A

X will or will not happen in the future

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19
Q

Comparison

A

X is taller / shorter / less common / more common than Y

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20
Q

Assertion of Fact

A

X is true

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21
Q

Recommendation

A

We should or should not do X

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22
Q

Main point question calls for ___

A

The author’s final conclusion

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23
Q

Premise =

A

Evidence

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24
Q

Role of a statement question rewards __

A

your ability to simply identify the various pieces of an argument - such as evidence, conclusion, opponent’s arguments or background information

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25
Q

“figures in the argument”

A

Role of a statement stem

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26
Q

Conclusion synonymous with

A

view, claim, argument

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27
Q

Point at Issue question

A

Dialogue in the stimulus. Speakers will make arguments and they will disagree about one particular aspect of their arguments.

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28
Q

Point at issue question strategy

A

Decision tree - did author A have an opinion about this “yes/no” did author B have an opinion about this “yes/no” - what was that opinion.

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29
Q

Method of Argument

Argument by Analogy

A

Author draws parallels between two unrelated (but purportedly similar) situations

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30
Q

Method of Argument

Use of Examples

A

Author cites specific cases to justify a generalization

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31
Q

Method of Argument

A

How the author tries to convince the reader of their conclusion

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32
Q

Method of Argument

Use of Counterexamples

A

Author seeks to discredit an opponent’s argument by citing a specific case in which an opponents conclusion appears to be invalid

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33
Q

Method of Argument

Appeal to Authority

A

Author cites an expert or other authority figure as support for her conclusion

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34
Q

Method of Argument

Eliminating Alternatives

A

Author list alternatives and discredits all but one

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35
Q

Method of Argument

Ad Hominem

A

Author attacks not her opponent’s argument but rather her opponent’s personal credibility.

36
Q

Method of Argument

Means/Requirement

A

Author argues that something is needed to achieve a desired result

37
Q

“the argument in the passage proceeds by”

“which accurately describes the argumentative strategy deployed”

A

Method of Argument questions stems

38
Q

Common conclusion types in Main Point questions__

A

Rebuttal or recommendations

39
Q

Parallel Reasoning Questions

A

Identify two different arguments (one in stimulus one in answer choices) that use the same pattern to reach a similar conclusion

40
Q

“most parallel to” “most similar to” “most like”

A

Parallel reasoning question stems

41
Q

Parallel reasoning questions require you to find the same kind of ____ and ____ in the stimulus and answer

A

Evidence and conclusion

42
Q

Tactic for parallel reasoning questions:

A
  • identify and compare conclusion type in stimulus and answers, then if needed….
  • Compare Conclusion +/-
  • Compare Level of certainty of conclusion (may, will, must)
  • Compare type of evidence used
43
Q

Assumption family questions require that you determine the ___

A

implicit assumption (aka the unstated premise)

44
Q

Assumption =

A

the unstated premise that logically connects the evidence to the conclusion

45
Q

Mismatched Concept (assumption family questions)

A

The author moves from a discussion of particular terms and concepts in the evidence to a conclusion that introduces a new seemingly unrelated term or concept

46
Q

Overlooked Possibilities (assumption family questions)

A

The author uses relevant evidence to jump to a conclusion that is too extreme, without considering potential objections or alternatives to that conclusion

47
Q

Assumption questions - find the ___ in the argument

A

gap

48
Q

Mismatched concepts - assuming one thing is equivalent to another ex:

A

I like games because I am serious

serious = liking games

49
Q

Mismatched concepts - things are incompatible or mutually exclusive ex:

A

I don’t like games because I am serious

assume can’t have both

50
Q

Mismatched concepts - sufficient, necessary - need evidence for conclusion ex:

A

I don’t like games because I am not serious

Not X because not Y

51
Q

Formal logic in mismatched concept, what is the most common format?

A

Evidence: if A -> B
Conclusion: if A ->C
Assumption: if B ->C

52
Q

How to use overlooked possibilities - Evidence and Conclusion use same topic but the conclusion drawn____

A

goes too extreme based on what your given. I.e. this MUST be the only answer, fails to consider alternatives.

53
Q

Presupposes =

A

Assumes

54
Q

What to look for in Sufficient Assumption questions

A

look for answer that, if added to the evidence, guarantees the conclusion is true

55
Q

What to look for in Necessary Assumption questions

A

look for assumption that is necessary for the conclusion to make logical sense

56
Q

`Necessary Assumption questions with overlooked possibilities (not mismatched concepts) the right answer might come from ____

A

ruling out at least 1 overlooked possibility.

57
Q

Denial test for Nec. Assumption questions____

A

negate answer choice and “add” to evidence. If the conclusion doesn’t work now then that’s your right answer. I.e. this thing (not negated) is required.

58
Q

“provides the most support”

A

Strengthen Question Stem

59
Q

“reasoning in the argument is questionable”

A

Flaw Question Stem

60
Q

“Identify the error in reasoning”

A

Flaw Question Stem

61
Q

Flaw question, the correct answer will ___ the error in the author’s reasoning.

A

describe

62
Q

Equivocation

A

using a term two different ways. Ex: using the word “crazy” to mean driving me crazy and then also “crazy” as in mentally unstable.

63
Q

“which of the following undermines”

A

Weaken Question Stem

64
Q

In strengthen and weaken questions ask yourself “if this was added to the evidence would this _____, ____, or ____ the conclusion.

A

help, hurt or do nothing to the conclusion

65
Q

In weaken questions, correct answer usually introduces a ____ to the conclusion that the author has not considered.

A

possible objection. Points to something that the Au. has not considered.

66
Q

“most strongly supports”

A

Strengthen Question Stem

67
Q

In strengthen/weaken think ____ when thinking through answers.

A

“What if THIS was added to evidence”

68
Q

In strengthen question, right answer doesn’t need to ___ the conclusion, just needs to ___.

A

prove the conclusion, just needs to make it more likely

69
Q

Evaluative Questions

A

Ask you to find something that is relevant to the arguments validity. Whether the answer will strengthen or weaken the argument

70
Q

“Principle” “Policy” “Proposition” “Apply the rule”

A

Principle Question Stems

71
Q

Don’t be afraid of ____ language in Principle questions.

A

Broad. You are finding an overarching principle afterall.

72
Q

“flaw…similar to”

A

Parallel Flaw Question Stem

73
Q

Parallel Flaw Question Strategy

A

Determine flaw type in stimulus. Determine structure of stimulus. Evaluate answer choices and find match. Use FL and simple letter “stand ins” for terms if needed.

74
Q

Parallel Principle Question Strategy

A

Identify the broad, general rule that is at work in the stimulus and then go through answer choices to find one that applies same “rule.”

75
Q

Inference question, support flows ___

A

down

76
Q

“Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?”

A

Inference Question Stem

77
Q

“Which one of the following can be properly inferred by the passage?”

A

Inference Questions Stem

78
Q

Inference Question - which of the answers must be true given what you have been told ___

A

in the stimulus passage

79
Q

Inference ask yourself

A

“What do I know to be true”?

80
Q

Flaw questions, ask yourself ____

A

Why am I not convinced?

81
Q

Strengthen Questions may point to eliminating an ___

A

overlooked possibility. I.e. making what the Au. says more likely to be true.

82
Q

In a principle question you are matching a situation to a ___

A

broad rule or generalization

83
Q

Paradox solve the apparent ____

A

mystery or discrepancy

84
Q

Paradox: how come fact 2___

A

even though fact 1

85
Q

“resolve” “reconcile” “explain”

A

Paradox question stems

86
Q

Think - Plan, Pause, Paraphrase and Predict

A

Helps you be confident, controlled and efficient in the LR section

June LSAT - Yasss Girl (5 decks)

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