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Geography- Urban Environments > London > Flashcards

London Flashcards

1
Q

What was the population of Greater London in 2015?

What’s the population expected to reach by 2050?

A

8.6 million

11 million by 2050

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2
Q

What land area does the city over?

What type of land is this?

A

1,750 km2

Lowland area as much of the city is built on the floodplains of the River Thames

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3
Q

Why is it hard to characterise London’s buildings by architectural style?

A

Its’ rich history means there are a range of buildings

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4
Q

What evidence is there of postmodernism in London?

A

Water Pumping Station, Isle of Dogs

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5
Q

What percentage of the UK’s GDP does London make up?

A

17%

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6
Q

Why is London receiving lots of foreign investment?

A

As it has an expanding financial centre, and a growing reputation as a technological hub
It has top rankings for multimedia and software development

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7
Q

How much cargo does the Port of London handle each year?

A

More than 48 million tonnes

Shows it is an important exchange of goods

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8
Q

How has London’s economy changed?

A

19th and early 20th century- manufacturing industries were dominant
Early 20th century onwards- service industries have become dominant

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9
Q

Facts about the banks and financial institutions of London

A

Trade more US dollars than New York

Trade more Euros than all other European cities combined

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10
Q

What percentage of global transactions does the London Stock Exchange account for?

A

32%

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11
Q

How many are employed in the service sector in London?

What percentage of this is in the financial sector?

A

3.2 million people

42% financial

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12
Q

How many does the manufacturing and construction industry employ?

A

0.5 million

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13
Q

How much does tourism contribute to London’s economy each year?

A

£36 billion

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14
Q

What is the average house price in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea?

A

£2 million (can be 10 times that)

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15
Q

What’s the average salary in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea?
What’s the median salary?

A

Average- £123,000
Median- £32,700
Highlights one of the widest earning gaps in the country

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16
Q

Which industry are 64% of low paid jobs in?

Who takes these jobs generally?

A

Hospitality

Foreign workers who don’t mind a lower wage

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17
Q

What percentage of London employees are at risk of insecure employment?
Who is particularly at risk?

A

10%, many of these being on zero hours contracts

Mainly the younger workers of black ethnic minority backgrounds

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18
Q

What percentage of workers are paid below the London Living Wage?
What does this mean for those workers?

A

20%

Unlikely to fund the high living costs of London- reduced standard of living- rely on the state

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19
Q

What percentage of low-paid jobs are held by women?

A

55%

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20
Q

Which ethnicity have the lowest paid jobs in London?

A

White British at 34% of the low paid

Pakistani and Bangladeshi employees only make us 6% of the low paid workforce

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21
Q

How many were unemployed in 2016?

A

280,000

Lowest level since the start of the recession

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22
Q

What percentage of London’s households live in the private rented sector?

A

27%

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23
Q

What percentage of earnings were spent on rents in London in 2015/16?
What was this in the rest of England?

A

72%

29% for the rest of England

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24
Q

Why is it difficult for first time buyers to buy in London?

A

Lack of affordable housing

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25
Q

How many slept rough in 2016/17?

A

8,100
Shouldn’t be happening in HIC city
(Homeless are 13 times more likely to be a victim of violent crime)

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26
Q

How many Royal Parks are there?

Example?

A

8

Hyde Park

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27
Q

Benefits of parks in London?

A

Reduce stress levels
Meeting place
Reduce air pollution
Outside space for those without a garden

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28
Q

London pupils outperform the rest of England across _______ as do pupils with __________
Why does London outperform?

A

Ethnic groups
Special educational needs
The schools have the provisions to helps all students

29
Q

What percentage of disadvantaged students from Inner London go on to attend HE institutions?

A

59%

30
Q

How many 11 year olds were obese in London in 2015/16?

The rest of England?

A

23%
20%
Poor families can only afford cheap food

31
Q

Why is the income of many poor London families under threat in the future?

A

Welfare reforms mean their benefits could be significantly reduced

32
Q

More than ___ languages are spoken in London

A

300

33
Q

Why has London got a long history of immigration?

A

It has a port

34
Q

In 2015, what percentage of London’s population were of black or ethnic minority?
What’s this meant to reach by 2038?

A

44%

50%

35
Q

How do tourists perceive London?

A

Positively- see all the iconic sites i.e. Big Ben

36
Q

How do viewers of Made in Chelsea perceive London?

A

As a city of high disposable income, where the young have leisurely lives

37
Q

How do the immigrants moving to London perceive it?

A

A place of opportunity

38
Q

How do those living below the poverty line perceive it?

A

Expensive, bias towards the wealthy

Authorities are not doing enough to help their situation

39
Q

How do TNC’s perceive London?

A

A good base for their company- highly respected with a highly skilled workforce

40
Q

When was the Clean Air Act introduced in London?

A

1956, to prevent the smog the city had experienced

41
Q

How have levels of carbon dioxide been reduced in transport?

A

Routemaster buses- hybrids
Taxi age limits
1,400 charge points installed for e cars
Low emission zones

42
Q

Which gas stills breaches EU limits?

A

Nitrogen oxide

Links to early deaths- 8.3% in Chelsea and Westminster

43
Q

What percentage of CO2 is from transport?
Diesel cars?
Gas for central heating?

A

64%
11% (carcinogenic and building erosion)
16% (cleaner than Mumbai’s coal)

44
Q

What is the latest charge being introduced for London motorists?

A

T-Charge

£10 a day in Central London on old cars

45
Q

How many motorists could be liable to pay the T-Charge each month?

A

34,000

46
Q

What is it hoped the T-Charge will reduce?

A

Nitrogen oxide levels

In reality it will only be by 2%

47
Q

Why is the T-Charge worsening economic inequality?

A

The poorer workers can’t afford a new car

Will now have to drive to the outskirts of the city and commute in

48
Q

How much warmer is the centre of London than the surrounding rural areas?
What impacts does this have?

A

10oc
Increases energy consumption and water consumption
Dangerous for vulnerable people

49
Q

Cross Rail will increase London’s rail capacity by ___%

A

10%

50
Q

How is it hoped Cross Rail will reduce fossil fuel usage?

A

People will use it over cars- less air pollution

51
Q

Boris bikes are hoped to increase cycling in London by ___% by 2025
Why is this scheme good?
Problem?

A

400%
Bikes are relatively cheap to install
Anyone can use them- tourists and residents alike
Worries about cyclist safety

52
Q

There are targets to increase green cover in London by ___% by 2030, as vegetation helps…

A

5%

Helps remove pollutants from the air

53
Q

Why are brownfield sites popular development locations?

A

Key infrastructure is already in place
Reduces dereliction
Provides homes in central areas where the demand is

54
Q

Example of a redevelopment project?

How is it trying to reduce pollution?

A

Battersea Power Station, £9 billion

Green roofs to reduce water and air pollution

55
Q

What does London’s sewerage system collect apart from sewage?

A

Rainwater run-off from roads, roofs and pavements

56
Q

What happens to London’s sewerage system during heavy periods of rain?

A

It discharges raw sewage directly into the Thames- killing large quantities of fish and threatens public health
55 million tonnes of raw sewage washed into the river in 2015

57
Q

Why do surface water sewers pollute rivers?

A

They pick up contaminants when draining the urban landscape

58
Q

What does Thames water state half of all sewer blockages are caused by?

A

Fat and cooking oil

These fat bergs result in flooding

59
Q

What impact has the Water Resources Act of 1991 had?

A

Improved water quality in estuaries and coastal waters
Set up water protection zones
Convicted individuals and companies of water pollution offences

60
Q

How big will the completed Thames Tideway Tunnel be?

A

25km long and up to 65m deep

61
Q

Aims of the Thames Tideway Tunnel?

A

Create more than 4,000 sustainable jobs
Support the development of river transport skills through the Thames Skills Academy
Undertake research on the aquatic ecology of the Thames
Reduce lorry movements- less air pollution

62
Q

Which primary school has installed SuDS worth £18,000?

Why did they install a green roof?

A

Hollickwood Primary School

To increase the volume of rainwater being intercepted- reducing air pollution

63
Q

What are the results of the swales installed at Hollickwood PS?
Which company is monitoring them?

A

Improved the water quality
Filtered out the pollutants from air and water
Thames Water

64
Q

How much of London is on a flood plain?

Name some of the infrastructure at risk

A

15%

10 hospitals, 75 underground stations

65
Q

By how much are water levels in the Thames Estuary likely to rise in the next century due to thermal expansion and ice melt?

A

20-90cm

66
Q

How much of money earmarked for new flood defences in England will be spent on London?

A

£1.8 billion

50% of England’s budget

67
Q

Why are many of London’s strategies considered sustainable?

A

They involve the local community
They are constantly monitored and tweaked
Focus on education

68
Q

There are proposals to make London the first…

A

National Park City

Geography- Urban Environments (12 decks)

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