Urbanisation

Question 1

Urbanisation

Answer 1

The increase in the proportion of the population living in urban centres

Question 2

Urban Growth

Answer 2

The increase in the total population of a town or city

Question 3

Urban Expansion

Answer 3

The increase in size or geographical footprint of a city

Question 4

Rural to Urban Migration

Answer 4

People moving to the cities from rural areas because of pull and push factors

Question 5

Natural Increase

Answer 5

The younger generation (15-40) moving to cities and having children- increasing the population

Question 6

R-to-U Push Factors

Answer 6

Population growth- over farming- reduced yields due to poor soil quality
Disease
Natural disasters
War

Question 7

R-to-U Pull Factors

Answer 7

Unskilled labour in high demand and better paid than rural areas
Money from informal sector
Perceived better quality of life
Better quality social provisions (education, healthcare, entertainment)

Question 8

Impacts of Urbanisation

Answer 8

Urban Sprawl
Housing Shortages 
Transport Issues
Un and Under Employment 
Lack of Services

Question 9

Suburbanisation

Answer 9

Movement of people out of the city centre and into the suburbs

Question 10

Push Factors for Suburbanisation

Answer 10

Poor quality inner city housing
Deindustrialisation
Lack of aspiration

Question 11

Pull Factors for Suburbanisation

Answer 11

Relaxed planning laws
Easy to get mortgages in 1930's-1950's
Transport
Businesses move to suburbs 
Technology

Question 12

Impacts of Suburbanisation on Suburbs

Answer 12

Increased pollution
Increased infrastructure 
Change in house prices
Utilisation of green and brown field sites
Improved quality of living

Question 13

Impacts of Suburbanisation on City Centre

Answer 13

Dereliction
Economic and ethnic segregation
Increased pollution

Question 14

Counter Urbanisation

Answer 14

Movement of people out of the city into villages and rural areas

Question 15

Push factors for counter urbanisation

Answer 15

Pollution
Congestion and parking issues
Suburban areas are becoming more popular- increased house prices

Question 16

Pull factors for counter urbanisation

Answer 16

Larger houses
Improved quality of life
Increased car ownership and public transport
Technology

Question 17

Why have agricultural difficulties contributed to counter urbanisation?

Answer 17

Farmers are selling land to earn a living

Question 18

Impacts of Counter Urbanisation on Rural Areas

Answer 18

Change in population structure
Change in property prices
Local services impacted
New building

Question 19

Impacts of Counter Urbanisation on Urban Areas

Answer 19

Reduced housing pressure
Reduced congestion
Loss of wealthy residents
Dereliction

Question 20

Urban Resurgence

Answer 20

Economic and structural regeneration of an urban area that’s suffered a period of decline
(common in post-industrial countries)

Question 21

Push factors for Urban Resurgence

Answer 21

Lack of rural services
Poor infrastructure
Lack of opportunity

Question 22

Pull factors for Urban Resurgence

Answer 22

More services
Modern and redeveloped areas
More jobs
More to do

Question 23

Impacts of Urban Resurgence

Answer 23

New shops and services

Increase in house prices

Question 24

Cause of Deindustrialisation

Answer 24

Foreign countries with cheaper labour costs causing manufacturing to move abroad

Question 25

Impacts of Deindustrialisation

Answer 25

``` Outmigration Change in population structure Communities destroyed Job loss (male dominated) Demultiplier effect Reduced investment Less noise and air pollution Dereliction ```

Question 26

Cause of Decentralisation

Answer 26

Lower land prices in suburbs so businesses move | Creation of out of town retail parks

Question 27

Impacts of Decentralisation

Answer 27

``` Increased migration around out of town retail Pressure on services Increased jobs in suburbs Habitat and agricultural land destroyed Poverty in inner city Inner city dereliction ```

Question 28

Cause of Tertiarisation

Answer 28

Services industries grew in 1980's and now dominate many western nations Response to deindustrialisation

Question 29

Impacts of Decentralisation

Answer 29

Increased urban populations around financial and service hubs Increased jobs Inner city areas decline

Question 30

Purpose of Urban Development Corporations

Answer 30

Many UK cities were in catastrophic decline | Projects used private sector funding to restore derelict areas

Question 31

When were Urban Development Corporations used?

Answer 31

1979-1990's

Question 32

Main advantage and disadvantage of Urban Development Corporations

Answer 32

Helped restore most run down areas | Ignored the needs of local residents

Question 33

Purpose of City Challenge

Answer 33

Local authorities competed for government funding to help deprived areas

Question 34

When was City Challenge used?

Answer 34

1991-1997

Question 35

Main advantage and disadvantage of City Challenge?

Answer 35

Made local community and private companies work together | Many deprived areas didn't receive any funding

Question 36

Purpose of Area-Based Initiatives

Answer 36

Implemented by labour government Expanded on previous schemes Focus on sustainability within communities Aimed to narrow gap between the most deprived and the rest of the country

Question 37

When were Area-Based Initiatives used?

Answer 37

1997-2000's

Question 38

What targets were local authorities set with Area Based Initiatives?

Answer 38

Improve health Improve education Improve employment

Question 39

Why is community involvement in redevelopment vital?

Answer 39

Meet their needs Sustainable Spirit Jobs