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Mumbai Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

Where is Mumbai?

A

West Coast of India

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2
Q

What did the British Empire ship from Mumbai to England for manufacturing?

A

Raw cotton

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3
Q

When did Mumbai begin to develop rapidly?

A

Following India’s independence from the British in 1947

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4
Q

How much of India’s foreign trade did Mumbai account for in 2015?

A

40%

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5
Q

Mumbai’s population of ______ makes it India’s largest city

A

20 million

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6
Q

What’s the population set to rise to by 2020?

A

24 million

Giving it the highest population density of any city- strain on infrastructure

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7
Q

Which national park is located in Mumbai? What regularly happens as a result?

A

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Animals escape into the city- leopard attacks are frequent

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8
Q

What is the climate like?

A

Monsoon climate
Extreme variation in rainfall throughout the year
Average min temp: 23.5 in January
Average max temp: 29.5 July

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9
Q

What 3 industries is Mumbai considered the centre of in India?

A

Financial
Entertainment (i.e. Bollywood)
Fashion

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10
Q

What percentage of India’s exports leave through Mumbai’s port?

A

More than 50%

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11
Q

Example of a TNC founded and based in Mumbai?

A

Tata Group

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12
Q

Why do TNC’s often locate in Mumbai?

A

Workers are educated and skilled, but are paid less than in HIC’s

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13
Q

There are a huge number of workers in the ____ sector

A

Informal

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14
Q

What was the percentage increase in the number of people working in trade, finance, and services between 1980 and 1990?

A

12%

52% to 64%

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15
Q

What was the percentage decrease in manufacturing between 1980 and 1990? Why has this decrease occurred?

A

7%
(36% to 29%)
As manufacturing has moved to other NEE’s where labour is cheaper

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16
Q

Where are the wealthy parts of Mumbai?

A

South (banking and financial centre)
i.e. Nairman Point and Chowpatty Beach
North, around Bollywood

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17
Q

Where is there extreme poverty?

A

Slums of Dharavi

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18
Q

What type of housing is in the wealthy parts?

A

High quality apartments (due to land pressure)

Air conditioning and pools

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19
Q

Why is it argued that government policies are depriving the poor of their fundamental rights?

A

Schemes are aimed at wealthy city workers

i.e. Railway investment only benefits the wealthy and middle class

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20
Q

Mumbai’s population has nearly doubled since ____

A

1991

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21
Q

Why has Mumbai’s population increased so much?

A

Due to an influx of migrants from other parts of India seeking employment opportunity

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22
Q

What percentage of the population lives in slums?

A

60%

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23
Q

How many languages does Mumbai’s population speak?

A

16 major languages

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24
Q

Why has Mumbai produced many English speaking IT and engineering graduates?
What has this led to?

A

The government has invested in university education

Many English companies have invested- increasing wealth

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25
What's the total literacy rate of Mumbai?
85.6%
26
What is the difference between the literacy rate for males and females? What does this highlight?
7.3% | Highlighting the gender divide, the gap is slowly closing as women are being empowered
27
What type of business boomed in the early 2000's in Mumbai?
Call centres
28
What was Dharavi up until the late 19th Century? How was it filled in?
A mangrove swamp | Filled in using coconut leaves, rotten leaves and human waste
29
How much do the thousands of micro-industries in Dharavi earn annually? Examples of the industries present?
$650 million | Garment makers, tanners and potters
30
Some residents of Dharavi have turned to the unregulated and unsafe businesses of ________
Rag picking and scouring rubbish heaps to earn a living
31
Years of government neglect in Dharavi have resulted in _____
Inadequate hygiene standards- each toilet is shared by over 1,000 residents Poor housing quality Lack of basic infrastructure
32
What will the government led Dharavi Redevelopment Project give residents who have lived in the slum since 2000?
A 300 square foot house for free
33
How many doctors are there for every 100,000 people?
54 doctors
34
How many people is Mumbai's existing health care system designed to treat?
Up to 7 million people
35
Why do many go without medical help?
They can't afford it, and there are long delays for the free (or significantly discounted healthcare on offer for the poor)
36
Why is it difficult to compare pollution statistics?
Due to different methods of recording the data
37
What does some of the pollution data suggest about Mumbai?
It is among the most polluted cities in the world
38
What percentage of air pollution is caused by waste burning? Why is this bad for the population?
27.5% Results in toxic chemicals being released- dangerous for residents and causes respiratory illness High particulate levels can increase the risk of cancer
39
What percentage of air pollution is caused by transport? | Why do cars emit such high levels of pollution?
22.7% | There is insufficient control over vehicle emission levels
40
What percentage of air pollution is generated through domestic cooking and heating? Why is this?
11.3% | Many families are reliant on coal fires
41
What percentage of air pollution is from diesel generators?
14.6%
42
Companies based in Mumbai are causing lots of air pollution because they are taking advantage of _____
Relaxed planning laws
43
Which rubbish incineration plant causes most of the industrial air pollution? How many times over the safe air pollution is this during its nightly burning?
Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation | 13 times greater than the safe limit
44
How many vehicles are driven daily on Mumbai's roads? | Why are a lot of cars in poor condition?
4 million | Many are second hand, and there are no MOTs to check their condition
45
How have car owners been encouraged to reduce air pollution?
Buy hybrid cars | Taxes have been increased for car owners
46
Give an example of public transport improvement
Mumbai's first monorail opened in 2012 Each of the 4 coaches has the capacity for 500 Aims to ease congestion and traffic pollution in central Mumbai Rubber tyres also reduce noise pollution
47
What was the slogan used at Mumbai's first cyclothon in 2010? How many attended? What are the concerns with cycling in Mumbai?
'Burn fat, not fuel' Over 7,000 participants Concerns over cyclist safety as there are a lack of road regulations
48
What industrial legislation has been introduced to reduce air pollution?
Chimneys have to be over a certain height, so smoke particles are dispersed more easily by the wind Chimneys need filters to remove poisonous particulates
49
Where do industries with large amounts of toxic waste need to be located?
Away from densely populated urban areas to prevent industrial accidents
50
What are the benefits of the green roof scheme?
They filter pollutants out of the air and run off water- reduces respiratory illness Reduce the heat island effect Help cool houses = less air conditioning = less electricity needed
51
Where was the gas leak in 2010 causing 76 to be emitted to hospital?
Sewri Industrial Park
52
How many of India's rivers were found to be polluted in 2010? Why was this?
50% | Sewage flows in open drains, having serious impacts on groundwater quality and human health
53
What are the impacts on human health from water pollution?
Diseases like cholera and diarrhoea are widespread | Water pollution causes poor nutrition and the underdevelopment of children
54
What strategies were implemented in 2010 to clear up the River Mithi?
Unemployed people hired to clean up the river Authorities set up a proper rubbish collection system Authorities began to close all unauthorised waste dumping
55
What longer term strategies are being implemented on the River Mithi to reduce water pollution?
Sewers are being installed on both banks of the river, with sewage treatment plants constructed at various locations Dredge the entire length of the river to improve its carrying capacity Provide public toilets at regular intervals so less human waste enters the river
56
Why is there a large amount of dereliction in Mumbai?
Due to the inequality | Little is being done to tackle the dereliction
57
Why do the urban poor live in derelict buildings?
As they provide shelter in bad weather
58
When are the monsoon rains in Mumbai? | Why do they have such a big impact on the city?
Between June and September | The city is built on low lying land
59
When did Mumbai receive 944mm of rainfall (the average amount for the entire season)? What worsened the flooding this caused?
26th July 2005 | There were high tides
60
What were the impacts of the 2005 floods?
Over 400 people died Over 10,000 homes were destroyed City suffered losses of £1.2 billion Public transport was completely shut down Water supplies, electricity and communication networks were completely shut down
61
Why did urban growth worsen the 2005 floods?
Rapid and uncontrolled development had replaced most public parks, gardens, and swamps- meaning the water could not infiltrate into the ground Impermeable surfaces increased the amount of surface run off
62
What is the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan aiming to do for the city?
Identified the risks and vulnerabilities the city would face in the future (i.e. flooding and earthquakes) Co-ordinate relief and rescue efforts Widened and deepened the Mithi to reduce flood risks
63
When was the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan implemented?
After the 2005 floods
64
Why do many environmentalists think that despite the efforts by the Greater Mumbai Disaster Management Action Plan Mumbai is still at a large risk of flooding?
Building is happening on floodplains Mangrove forests are being removed Storm drains and waterways are being clogged by plastic rubbish
65
Why has the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that Mumbai will be the second most at risk city in the world?
Rainfall, heat, humidity increases and sea level rise will have severe impacts on the city
66
What percentage of Mumbai will be underwater in the next 100 years if sea levels continue to rise at the same level? Impacts?
40% Destroy essential infrastructure Millions of homes submerged by coastal flooding
67
Why are many of the schemes Mumbai has adopted seen as unsustainable?
They don't involve the local community- so their needs aren't met Strategies like dredging have many negative impacts
68
Why is vermiculture considered sustainable?
Worms breaking down waste at community vermiculture units has reduced the amount of waste going to land fill by 25%
69
Why is Advanced Locality Management considered sustainable?
Involves rag pickers collecting waste from people's houses- reduces the amount going to landfill Reduces the number of people scavenging on landfill sites- reducing health risks
70
Why is Ecoreco considered sustainable?
Offers payment for e-waste Helps electronics to be recycled- reduces the need for extraction Reduces health risks from slum dwellers breaking down the electronics in their homes, where they expose themselves and their families to lead levels 10 times greater than safe limits
71
Why is the green roof scheme considered sustainable?
City lacks open space (0.03 acres per 1,000 people compared to 12 in London)- hard to reverse Greens roofs help incorporate vegetation, and reduce air pollution
72
Name some of the religious groups present in Mumbai
Hindus (66%) Muslims (21%) Buddhists Christians (3%)
73
What does Mumbai's diverse population have problems with?
Racism
74
In 1989, what percentage of households were migrants?
46%
75
What perception of place does Slumdog Millionaire give of Mumbai for outsiders?
Highlights poverty in the slums Shows wealth- cars and apartments Shows people working in call centres Films are not always realistic- giving a false perception of place
76
How do immigrants heading for Mumbai perceive it?
A place of opportunity | Somewhere they can work and have a good quality of life
77
How can people perceive Mumbai in a negative way?
News reports i.e. 2008 terrorist attack
78
How could slum dwellers perceive Mumbai?
Feel unwanted by city officials as they want the land redeveloped Slums has a strong community spirit- place of safety
79
How could the wealthy residents of Mumbai perceive it?
A place of wealth and work | Many apartments overlook the slums- aesthetically unattractive
80
How could foreign investors perceive Mumbai?
As a place of opportunity | Cheap, skilled workforce

Geography- Urban Environments (12 decks)

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