Long term memory systems Flashcards

(18 cards)

1
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory in long term memory?

A

Episodic and semantic memory

These types involve conscious recollection.

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2
Q

What is procedural memory classified as?

A

Non-declarative memory

It does not involve conscious recollection, such as riding a bike.

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3
Q

What is the significance of the case of HM in understanding memory?

A

Demonstrates distinction between short-term and long-term memory

HM had good episodic memory prior to surgery but could not form new long-term memories after removal of parts of the left temporal lobe.

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4
Q

What does the primacy effect refer to?

A

Better recall of words at the beginning of a list

It occurs because these words are rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory.

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5
Q

What does the recency effect refer to?

A

Better recall of words at the end of a list

These words are still in short-term memory.

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6
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Improved memory when material is spaced and distributed

Compared to massed learning.

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7
Q

How does the levels of processing affect memory?

A

More meaningful information is more memorable

Because it is more distinctive.

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8
Q

What is the expecting to teach effect?

A

Recall is better when students expect to teach the material

This indicates that preparation for teaching enhances memory.

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9
Q

What misconception do people often have about memory?

A

That memory works like a video camera that records everything

This belief ignores the reconstructive nature of memory.

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10
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

A pattern where forgetting is rapid initially and then slows down

Supported by studies such as Hirst et al. (2015) on memory of facts about 9/11.

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11
Q

What does the term ‘Permastore’ refer to? (Bahrick, 1984)

A

Very long-term stable memories

It is influenced by how well the material was originally learned.

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12
Q

What is the main finding from the War of the Ghosts study?

A

Information is reconstructed based on expectations and pre-existing schemas

People do not recall stories verbatim but adapt them.

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13
Q

Define schema.

A

A stored framework or body of knowledge about a topic

Schemas help in understanding new information and guiding interpretations.

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14
Q

How do schemas affect recall?

A

They influence what details are remembered or omitted

For example, gender schemas can lead to recalling gender-consistent actions more often.

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15
Q

What effect do leading questions have on memory recall?

A

They can distort memory. loftus and palmer ⇒ smashed/ contacted etc - how fast estimated the cars were going .

Example: Loftus and Palmer’s experiment with different verbs like ‘smashed’ or ‘contacted’.

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16
Q

What is post-event misinformation?

A

Information presented after an event that can alter memory.

Example: Whether a stop sign or yield sign was present affects recall accuracy.

17
Q

What is memory conformity?

A

Witnesses recall details they did not see due to discussion with others. 71% of witnesses had mistakenly recalled at least one detail that they wouldn’t have seen but they claimed they witnessed .

In studies, 71% of pairs mistakenly recalled details they could not have seen.

18
Q

What is the semanticisation of episodic memory?

A

Forgetting the personal and original contextual information of an initially episodic memory - becomes a schematic representation