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Lower Airways Flashcards

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1
Q

Central airways (cartilage content, generations, structures)

A
  1. Cartilagenous
  2. Generations 0-9 or 10
  3. Trachea, multiple generations of bronchi
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2
Q

Peripheral airways (cartilage content, generations, structures)

A
  1. Non-cartilagenous
  2. Starts @ approx. generations 10 or 11
  3. Bronchioles
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3
Q

Trachea generation

A

generation 0

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4
Q

Trachea diameter & length

A

2.5 cm and 9-15 cm

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5
Q

Trachea begins at ____ and extends to ___

A

C6, T5

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6
Q

Tracheal cartilage amount, shape, stability:

A

8-20, C-shaped, rigid

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7
Q

What joins the posterior ends of the tracheal cartilages?

A

Trachealis muscle

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8
Q

Where is the transition from intra/extrathoracic?

A

Approx. 6th tracheal cartilage

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9
Q

Tracheal epithelial lining:

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

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10
Q

Thyroid gland lies:

A

anterior to the 2nd-4th tracheal ring

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11
Q

The trachea has lots of:

A

goblet cells

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12
Q

Mainstem (Primary) bronchi generation

A

generation 1

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13
Q

What is the last of the extrapulmonary airways?

A

mainstem bronchi

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14
Q

The right mainstem is (3 things) than the left mainstem

A
  1. shorter
  2. wider
  3. more vertical
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15
Q

The right mainstem is _____° from midline

A

20-30°

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16
Q

The left mainstem is _____° from midline

A

40-55°

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17
Q

Lung parenchyma

A

Essential supportive tissues composing the lung. Elastic fibers surround and attach to airways, have recoil and tethering properties

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18
Q

Where is the transition from extrapulmonary to intrapulmonary?

A

Point where the mainstem bronchi penetrate the lung tissue, leaving the hilum

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19
Q

Where is the transition from extrathoracic to intrathoracic?

A

Approx. @ the 6th tracheal cartilage

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20
Q

Is the extrathoracic region influenced by intrathoracic pressures?

A

no

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21
Q

Lobar (Secondary) bronchi generation

A

generation 2

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22
Q

Where is the beginning of the intrapulmonary airways?

A

Lobar bronchi

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23
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there? (be specific)

A

5 - One for each lobe.
R = 3
L = 2

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24
Q

Where does cartilage become more sparse?

A

lobar bronchi

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25
Describe the cartilage shape and positioning in the lobar bronchi
complete rings | irregular and discontinuous as branches
26
Segmental (Tertiary) bronchi generation
generation 3
27
How many segmental bronchi are there per lung?
``` R = 10 L = 8 ```
28
Subsegmental bronchi generation
generation 4
29
Diameter of subsegmental bronchi
0.5 cm
30
Diameter of small bronchi
0.4 cm
31
Small bronchi generation
generations 5-10
32
Small bronchi histology
cartilage still a component; pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
33
Bronchiole diameter
0.1 cm
34
Are bronchioles central or peripheral airways?
peripheral
35
Do bronchioles have cartilage?
no
36
Patency of bronchioles is determined by: (3)
1. contraction/relaxation of smooth muscle 2. surrounding alveolar/interstitial/pleural pressures 3. retractile forces of lung's elastic tissue
37
Primary/Secondary bronchioles generation
generation approx. 11-13
38
Primary/Secondary bronchioles diameter
≤ 1 mm
39
Primary/Secondary bronchioles histology (3)
smooth muscle, cilia, goblet cells
40
Terminal bronchioles generation
generation approx 14-15
41
Terminal bronchioles diameter
≤ 0.5 mm
42
What is the last area of the conducting/deadspace airways?
terminal bronchioles
43
terminal bronchioles histology (4)
smooth muscle, cilia, cuboidal cells, Canals of Lambert
44
Purpose of Canals of Lambert
to provide collateral air circulation if the bronchiole becomes plugged >> affected acinus receives ventilation from neighboring airways and alveoli
45
The small airways contribute for ____% of total Raw
10-20
46
Velocity of airflow ______ as air approaches alveoli, creating a ______ resistance
decreases, lower
47
The respiratory mucosa consists of: (4)
1. mucus blanket 2. epithelial cells (PCC) 3. basement membrane 4. lamina propria
48
The lamina propria consists of: (6)
1. smooth muscle 2. elastic fibers (connective tissue) 3. blood vessels 4. parasympathetic nerves 5. lymphatics 6. mast cells
49
How much mucus is produced per day?
100 mL
50
The mucus is made up of (%): (2)
95% water | 5% solute
51
The mucus blanket consists of: (3)
1. gel layer 2. sol layer 3. cilia
52
How many cilia are there per cell, and how often do they beat?
250 cilia per cell | 1300 beats/min
53
What is the purpose of the mucus blanket?
to protect underlying tissues/cells from dehydration and toxic materials/microorganisms
54
Abnormal mucociliary escalator due to: (9)
1. disease 2. water loss 3. ciliary dyskinesia 4. smoking 5. hypoxia 6. suction 7. high FiO2 8. mechanical ventilation 9. parasympathetic nerve stimulation
55
What regulates water movement into the airway lumen?
Cl- via osmosis
56
How do B2 agonists increase mucociliary clearance?
B2 agonists increase Cl- secretion into mucus
57
Do primary/secondary bronchioles have goblet cells?
yes
58
Do terminal bronchioles have goblet cells?
no
59
Parasympathetic nerves in the lamina propria innervate: (3)
1. mast cells 2. smooth muscle 3. mucus glands
60
What are the main type of ANS nerve fibers in the large central airways?
parasympathetic nerves
61
Parasympathetic nerve stimulation results in: (3)
1. smooth muscle contraction 2. increased mucus production 3. mast cell degranulation
62
Effects of mast cell degranulation: (4)
1. bronchoconstriction 2. increased mucus production 3. mucosal edema 4. increased vascular permeability (eosinophils & neutrophils enter the airway)
63
The submucosa contains: (2)
1. numerous mucus glands | 2. cartilage
64
Where are the submucosal mucus glands found?
large airways
65
What is a major contributor of mucus?
submucosal mucus glands
66
What is the submucosa innervated by?
parasympathetic nerves
67
What is the adventitia?
connective tissue sheath
68
Where does the adventitia end?
at the bronchioles
69
What are eosinophils indicative of?
inflammation
70
What are neutrophils indicative of?
bacterial infection
71
What do neutrophils do?
phagocytize bacteria
72
What do mast cells contain?
various inflammatory substances

Dave (5 decks)

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