Lower GI Tract

Question 1

At which vertebral level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

Answer 1

T10

Question 2

What is a body cavity?

Answer 2

A space/area surrounded by a body wall

Question 3

What forms a body wall?

Answer 3

Skeleton

Muscle

Question 4

Which bones form the abdominal cavity?

Answer 4

Ribs
Spine
Pelvis

Question 5

Which muscles form the abdominal cavity?

Answer 5

Diaphragm
Back
Anterolateral wall

Question 6

What type of membrane is the peritoneum?

Answer 6

Continous serous membrane

Question 7

Which two layers define the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 7

Visceral serous pericardium

Parietal serous pericardium

Question 8

What is located in the peritoneal cavity (under normal circumstances)?

Answer 8

Small amount of peritoneal fluid secret by the peritoneum

Question 9

What is peritonitis?

Answer 9

Inflammation of peritoneum caused by surgery/trauma

Question 10

Peritonitis leads to guarding. What is guarding?

Answer 10

Stiffening of the abdominal wall

Question 11

What are the intraperitoneal abdominal organs?

Answer 11

Liver and gall bladder
Stomach
Spleen
Parts of the SI and LI

Question 12

What are the retroperitoneal abdominal organs?

Answer 12

Kidneys
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Parts of the SI and LI

Question 13

What shape is the stomach?

Answer 13

J-shape

Question 14

Where is the stomach located?

Answer 14

(mainly) left upper quadrant

Question 15

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 15

Defence against infection by production of stomach acid - digestion - production of chyme
and absorption

Question 16

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 16

If contracted it constricts food entering the duodenum

Question 17

What is the function of the small intestine?

Answer 17

Responsible for transit, digestion and absorption

Question 18

What attaches the small intestine to the body wall?

Answer 18

Mesentery

Question 19

Where is the small intestine located?

Answer 19

In all 4 quadrants

Question 20

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

Answer 20

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 21

What is mesentery?

Answer 21

Double layer of peritoneum that connects the intraperitoneal organs to the body wall and allows passage of neurovasculature

Question 22

What is the function of the LI?

Answer 22

Transit, reabsorption of water and electrolytes, and stool ofrmation

Question 23

What are the components of the LI?

Answer 23

Caecum 
Ascending colon (retroperitoneal)
Transverse colon (intraperitoneal) 
Descending colon (retroperitoneal)
Sigoimd colon (intraperitoneaL)

Question 24

Rectum and anus are the terminal end of the LI. What is their function?

Answer 24

Stool formation

Waste excretion

Question 25

The muscular wall of the rectal and anal canal is _____ muscle

Answer 25

Smooth

Question 26

The sphincter forming the anus is ____ muscle

Answer 26

Skeletal

Question 27

By which mechanisms does the GI tract move contents distally?

Answer 27

Peristalsis

Question 28

What is peristalsis?

Answer 28

Waves of simultaneous shortening of the length or a segment of the tube contracting the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle + Narrowing of the luminal diameter of that segment by contracting inner circular layer of smooth muscle

Question 29

Which sphincters control flow through the GI tract?

Answer 29

Cricopharyngeal Pyloric External anal

Question 30

Where is the circopharyngeal sphincter?

Answer 30

Between the laryngopharynx and oesophagus (prevent regurgitation)

Question 31

Where is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 31

Between stomach and duodenum | Control release of chyme from stomach

Question 32

Where is the external anal sphincter?

Answer 32

Between the anus and external environment to control the release of stool from the anal canal

Question 33

What is part of the foregut?

Answer 33

Oesophagus - mid duodenum Liver and gall bladder Spleen 1/2 pancreas

Question 34

What is part of the midgut?

Answer 34

Mid duodenum - proximal 2/3 of transverse colon + 1/2 pancreas

Question 35

What is part of the hindgut?

Answer 35

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon - proximal 1/2 of anal canal

Question 36

The aorta passes through the duodenum and descends in the ________

Answer 36

retroperitoneum

Question 37

The IVC ascend in the __________ and passes through the diaphragm

Answer 37

retroperitoneum

Question 38

What is the arterial supply to the foregut?

Answer 38

Coeliac trunk

Question 39

What is the arterial supply to the midgut?

Answer 39

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 40

What is the arterial supply to the hindgut?

Answer 40

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 41

What is the venous drainage from the foregut?

Answer 41

Splenic vein

Question 42

What is the venous drainage from the midgut?

Answer 42

SMV

Question 43

What is the venous drainage from the hindgut?

Answer 43

IMV

Question 44

The splenic vein, SMV and IMV combine to form the?

Answer 44

Hepatic portal vein

Question 45

Venous drainage from the GI tract goes to which organ first?

Answer 45

Liver

Question 46

What is the function of the portal venous system?

Answer 46

Drains from absorptive parts of the GIT and associated organs to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

Question 47

Foregut structures drain their lymph via lymph nodes located along the _________ artery towards the _______ nodes

Answer 47

splenic | coeliac

Question 48

Midgut structure drain their lymph via nodes located along the ____________ artery towards the ___________ nodes

Answer 48

SMA | Superior mesenteric

Question 49

Hindgut structures drain they lymph via nodes located along the ________ artery towards the ________ nodes

Answer 49

inferior mesenteric | inferior mesenteric

Question 50

What can result in obstruction/blockage of the GIT?

Answer 50

External compression or internal obstructuion

Question 51

What is the body's response to obstruction/blockage of the GIT?

Answer 51

Increase peristalsis proximal to the site of obstruction to attempt to remove it

Question 52

What type of pain does a patient with a GIT obstruction/Blockage tend to experience?

Answer 52

Colicky pain