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Anatomy > Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot > Flashcards

Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Flashcards

1
Q
  • What are the bones that the legs contain?
  • What do they connect?
  • What is the weight-bearing bone that is larger and stronger than the other?
  • What is the non-weight bearing bone?
  • What are the leg bones connected by?
A
  • tibia, fibula
  • connect the knee and ankle
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • interosseous membrane
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2
Q
  • The leg is divided into three compartments, what are they?
  • What are these compartments formed by?
A
  • anterior, lateral, and posterior compartment
  • formed by anterior and posterior intermuscular septa, the interosseous membrane, and the two leg bones
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3
Q

Where can you see stress fractures?

A

in the shin (tibia) and metatarsals

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4
Q
  • What is an area of skin supplied by the branches of a single spinal nerve?
  • What do lumbar spinal cord roots supply?
  • What do the upper sacral spinal cord roots supply?
  • What do the lower sacral spinal cord roots supply?
A
  • dermatome
  • anterior and medial lower limb aspects (lumbar)
  • posterior lower limb aspects (upper)
  • largely confined to perineum (lower)
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5
Q
  • What nerve innervates the ankle dorsi-flexors and toe extensors?
  • What nerve innervates the ankle plantar-flexors and toe flexors?
  • What nerve innervates the foot evertors?
A
  • deep-fibular nerve
  • tibial nerve
  • superficial fibular nerve
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6
Q
  • What is included in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
  • What is included in the lateral compartment of the lower leg?
  • What is included in the posterior compartment of the lower leg?
A

anterior compartment
- deep fibular n territory
- dorsiflexors of ankle + extensors of toes
lateral compartment
- superficial fibular n territory
- evertors of foot
posterior compartment
- tibial n territory
- plantarflexors of ankle + flexors of toes

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7
Q
  • What divides the anterior and lateral compartment of lower leg?
  • What divides lateral and posterior compartment of lower leg?
A
  • anterior intermuscular septum
  • posterior intermuscular septum
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8
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve usually end at and what does it divide into?

A
  • ends at the superior angle of the popliteal fossa
  • divides into tibial and common fibular nerves
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9
Q

What is the larger, terminal branch of the sciatic nerve and is the most superficial of the three main central components of the popliteal fossa?

A

tibial nerve

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10
Q
  • What does the tibial nerve give branches to?
  • What cutaneous nerve branch does it give off?
A
  • soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, and popliteus mm
  • medial sural cutaneous n (in popliteal fossa)
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11
Q

What branch of the sciatic nerve leaves the popliteal fossa superficial to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and winds around the fibular neck, where it is vulnerable to injury?

A

common fibular n

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12
Q
  • What cutaneous nerve branch does the common fibular nerve give off?
  • What does the common fibular nerve branch off into?
A
  • lateral sural cutaneous n
  • branches into superficial fibular n and deep fibular n
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13
Q

The most inferior branches of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply what?

A

the skin that overlies the popliteal fossa

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14
Q
  • What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the lower leg?
  • What is the common action of these muscles?
  • What nerve innervates these muscles?
  • What artery supplies these muscles?
A

muscles
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
- fibularis tertius
common action
- ankle dorsiflexion
nerve
- deep fibular nerve
artery
- anterior tibial a. (popliteal)

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15
Q

What are the actions of these muscles:
- tibialis anterior
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
- fibularis tertius

A
  • ankle dorsiflexion, foot inversion (supports medial arch of foot)
  • ankle dorsiflexion, extends lateral 4 digits
  • ankle dorsiflexion, extends great toe
  • ankle dorsiflexion, foot eversion
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16
Q

What is the origin and insertion of fibularis tertius?

A
  • origin: medial fibular shaft surface and anterior intermuscular septum (b/w extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior)
  • insertion: dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal
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17
Q

All the muscles in the anterior compartment are associated to (…) and to the (…) aspect of the leg

A
  • interosseous membrane
  • lateral aspect
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18
Q
  • What does the superficial fibular nerve give off?
  • What does it innervate?
A
  • dorsal digital nerves
  • lateral compartment + cutaneous innervation
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19
Q
  • What does the deep fibular nerve innervate?
  • What is the hallmark in determining if deep fibular nerve is injured?
A
  • anterior compartment
  • check b/w 1st and 2nd toe, if numb, there is a deep fibular nerve injury
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20
Q

What does the common fibular nerve innervate?

A

biceps femoris - short head

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21
Q

The anterior and lateral compartments of the leg and muscles are associated with the (…) of the foot and are innervated by the common fibular part of the sciatic nerve

A

dorsal surface

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22
Q
  • What muscles are located in the lateral compartment of the leg?
  • What are the common actions of these muscles?
  • What innervates these muscles?
A

muscles
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
common actions
- foot evertors
innervation
- superficial fibular nerve

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23
Q

What muscles evert the foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle?

A
  • fibularis longus
  • fibularis brevis
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24
Q
  • Which muscle supports the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?
  • What muscle supports the transverse arch of the foot?
A
  • tibialis anterior
  • fibularis longus
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25
Q
  • What is the distal attachment of the fibularis longus?
  • What is the distal attachment of the fibularis brevis?
A
  • base of 1st metatarsal + medial cuneiform
  • dorsal surface of tuberosity of base of 5th metatarsal
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26
Q

What muscle does the same actions as the fibularis longus and brevis but is just in a different compartment?

A

fibularis tertius

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27
Q

What is the pattern of the anterior leg muscles from superficial to deep?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • fibularis tertius
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28
Q
  • Fracture to the 5th metatarsal can result in injury to what muscle?
  • What runs between the fibula and tibia to attach to the 5th metatarsal?
A
  • fibularis tertius
  • fibularis tertius
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29
Q
  • What muscles act to invert the foot? Associated nerves?
  • What muscles act to evert the foot? Associated nerves
A

inversion
- tibialis posterior (tibial n.)
- tibialis anterior (deep fibular n.)
eversion
- fibularis longus and brevis (superficial fibular n.)
- fibularis tertius (deep fibular n.)

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30
Q
  • If you have a fibula neck fracture, what nerve can be injured?
  • If this nerve is damaged, what condition can develop?
  • What areas would you have sensory loss if this nerve was damaged?
A
  • common fibular n
  • foot drop
  • anterior and lateral sides of legs, dorsum of foot and toes, medial side of big toe
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31
Q
  • What is usually a common fibular nerve injury that results in someone not being able to dorsiflex?
  • What are the compensating mechanisms for this condition?
A
  • foot drop (steppage gate)
  • waddling gate or swing-out gate
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32
Q

What actions are associated with the tibial nerve?

A
  • ankle plantar flexion
  • toe flexion
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33
Q
  • What compartment does the tibial nerve innervate?
  • What muscles are included in this compartment?
  • What arteries supple the posterior and lateral leg compartment?
A
  • posterior compartment
    muscles
  • superficial: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
  • deep: popliteus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior
    arteries
  • posterior tibial a
  • fibular a
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34
Q
  • What is the common distal attachment of the superficial posterior leg muscles?
  • innervation?
A
  • posterior surface of calcaneus vis calcaneal tendon
  • tibial n
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35
Q

What are the actions of these muscles:
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris

A
  • ankle plantarflexion when knee is extended; raises heel when walking; flexes knee joint
  • ankle plantarflexion; steadings leg on foot
  • weakly assists gastrocnemius in ankle plantarflexion; function mainly proprioceptive
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36
Q

What are the distal attachments of these muscles:
- popliteus
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- tibialis posterior
What are they innervated by?

A

distal attachments
- posterior tibia superior to soleal line
- base of distal phalanx of big toe
- bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits
- tuberosity of navicular, cuneiforms, cuboid, bases of 2-4th metatarsals
innervation
- tibial n

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37
Q

What are the actions of these muscles:
- popliteus
- flexor hallucis longus
- flexor digitorum longus
- tibialis posterior

A
  • unlocks knee; weakly flexes knee; may medially rotate tibia
  • flexes big toe; weak ankle plantarflexion; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
  • flexes lateral four digits; ankle plantarflexion; supports longitudinal arches of foot
  • ankle plantarflexion; foot inversion; supports medial longitudinal arch of foot
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38
Q

What is the deepest muscle in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis posterior

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39
Q

What does the popliteal artery give off?

A
  • anterior and posterior tibial artery
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40
Q
  • What sensation does the tibial nerve provide?
  • What can you check for the function of the tibial n.?
  • How do you test the function of the tibial n.?
A
  • bottom of foot, back or lower leg
  • you can check motor, sensory, and reflex
  • have to see if they can push down on the bottom of their foot, plantar flexion
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41
Q

What does the Achilles tendon reflex test show?

A

the function of the tibial n - plantarflexion

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42
Q
  • What muscles act to do dorsiflexion andtoe extension? What is the associated innervation?
  • What muscles act to do plantar flexion and toe flexion? What is the associated innervation?
A

dorsiflexion/extension
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- fibularis tertius
deep fibular nerve
plantar flexion/flexion
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
- tibialis posterior
tibial nerve

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43
Q
  • What artery supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
  • What artery supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?
  • What artery supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
A
  • anterior tibial artery
  • fibular artery (branch of posterior tibial a)
  • posterior tibial artery (branch of popliteal a) w/ some supply from fibular artery
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44
Q

What artery passes through a gap in the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula to supply blood to the leg and foot?

A

anterior tibial artery

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45
Q

Superficial venous drainage of the dorsum of the foot is to the (…) of the foot. Blood from the medial end of the dorsal venous arch enters the (…), which ascends the leg anterior to the medial malleolus, passes through the medial part of the leg and thigh, and drains into the (…) at the femoral triangle

A
  • dorsal venous arch
  • great saphenous vein
  • femoral vein
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46
Q

The (…) begins at the lateral end of the dorsal venous arch. It ascends with the sural nerve posterior to the lateral malleolus and drains the superficial tissues of the foot and lower part of the leg before emptying into the (…) at the popliteal fossa

A
  • small saphenous vein
  • popliteal vein
47
Q

Deep venous drainage of the anterolateral aspect of the leg is through venae comitantes (accompanying veins) that follow the (…) and their branches. These deep veins contribute to formation of the (…)

A
  • anterior and posterior tibial arteries
  • popliteal vein
48
Q
  • What drains the medial aspect of the leg?
  • What drains the lateral aspect of the leg?
A
  • great saphenous vein
  • small saphenous vein
49
Q

What is a hinge-type synovial joint that is located between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula and the superior part of the talus?

A

the ankle joint

50
Q
  • What forms a socket that is wider anteriorly than posteriorly?
  • What moves in this socket during dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle?
  • The ankle joint capsule is thickened on each side by what?
A
  • the tibia and fibula
  • the talus
  • ligaments
51
Q

The ankle joint is reinforced laterally by the (…), which consists of (…) separate ligaments

A
  • lateral ligament of the ankle
  • three
52
Q
  • What are the 3 ligaments that make up the lateral ligament of the ankle?
  • What do they extend from?
  • What action to they limit?
A
  • anterior talofibular ligament: flat, weak band; extends anteromedially from lateral malleolus to neck of talus
  • posterior talofibular ligament: thick, strong band; runs horizontally from malleolar fossa of fibula to the lateral tubercle of talus
  • calcaneofibular ligament: round cord; passes posteroinferiorly from lateral malleolus to lateral calcaneus
    limit inversion
53
Q

Ankle sprain injuries are almost always (…) injuring and most commonly involves the (…) ligament

A
  • inversion injury
  • anterior talofibular ligament
54
Q
  • The joint capsule of the ankle joint is reinforced medially by the large, strong (…)
  • How many parts does this consist of?
  • What are their names?
  • What action does this ligament limit?
A
  • medial ligament of the ankle (deltoid ligament)
  • 4
    parts
  • tibionavicular part
  • tibiocalcaneal part
  • anterior tibiotalar part
  • posterior tibiotalar part
    action
  • limits eversion
55
Q

What ligament attaches proximally to the medial malleolus and fans out from it to attach distally to the talus, calcaneus, and navicular via four adjacent and continuous parts; it stabilizes the ankle joint during eversion of the foot and prevents subluxation (partial dislocation) of the ankle joint?

A

deltoid ligament (medial ligament of the ankle)

56
Q
  • What stabilizes ankle against plantar flexion, external rotation, and pronation?
  • what ligament is also the “spring” ligament and is a stabilizer of the medial longitudinal arch?
A
  • deltoid ligament (medial ligament of the ankle)
  • plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
57
Q
  • The skeleton of the foot consists of how many tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges?
  • What are the 3 different parts of the foot and what do they contain?
A
  • 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges
    different parts
  • hindfoot: talus and calcaneus
  • midfoot: navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
  • forefoot: metatarsals and phalanges
58
Q

What are the 4 regions of the foot? Describe them

A
  • plantar region: part contacting the ground
  • dorsum of foot: part directed superiorly
  • heel region: sole underlying calcaneus
  • ball of foot: sole underlying sesamoid bones and heads of medial two metatarsals
59
Q
  • Cuneiform 1, 2, and 3 (medial, intermediate, and lateral) attach where?
  • What does the cuboid attach to?
A
  • metatarsal 1, 2, and 3
  • metatarsals 4 and 5
60
Q

Over the lateral and posterior aspects, the deep fascia of the foot is continuous with the(…), the deep fascia of the sole, which has a thick central part, the(…), and weaker medial and lateral parts

A
  • plantar fascia
  • plantar aponeurosis
61
Q
  • What holds parts of the foot together, helps protect the sole from injury, and passively supports the longitudinal arches of the foot?
  • What arises posteriorly from the calcaneus and distally divides into five bands that become continuous with the fibrous digital sheaths that enclose the flexor tendons that pass to the toes?
A
  • plantar fascia
  • plantar aponeurosis
62
Q
  • What are the different compartments of the foot?
  • Most of the muscles of the foot are located on the (…) aspect
  • The muscles in the plantar surface work as a group to (…)
A
  • medial, central, lateral, interosseous, dorsal compartments
  • plantar aspect
  • resist arch disruption and/or to maintain longitudinal arches
63
Q

What are the muscles/structures in each of the compartments of the foot?

A

medial
- abductor hallucis
- flexor hallucis brevis
- flexor hallucis longus tendon
central
- flexor digitorum brevis
- quadratus plantae
- flexor digitorum longus tendon
lateral
- abductor digiti minimi
- flexor digiti minimi
interosseous
- adductor hallucis mm
- interosseous mm (3 PAD, 4 DAB)
dorsal
- extensor hallucis brevis
- extensor digitorum brevis
- deep and superficial fibular nn
- dorsalis pedis a

64
Q
  • Of the 20 individual muscles of the foot, how many are located on the plantar aspect, how many are located on the dorsal aspect, and how many in the intermediate position?
  • From the plantar aspect, muscles of the sole are arranged in how many layers within four compartments?
A
  • 14 plantar, 2 dorsal, 4 intermediate
  • four layers
65
Q
  • What nerve innervates the dorsal foot compartment?
  • What artery supplies the dorsal foot compartment?
A
  • deep fibular nerve
  • dorsalis pedis a
66
Q

What muscles are located in the 4 layers of the plantar compartment of the foot?

A

1st layer
- abductor digiti minimi, abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis
2nd layer
- lumbricals 1-4, quadratus plantae
3rd layer
- flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi
4th layer
- plantar interossei (3 PAD), dorsal interossei (4 DAB)

67
Q

What nerves innervate the plantar compartment of the foot?

A

medial and lateral plantar nn off the tibial n

68
Q

What are the distal attachments of these muscles?
- abductor hallucis
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor digiti minimi

A
  • medial side of proximal phalanx 1
  • both sides of middle phalanges of lateral 4 digits
  • lateral side of proximal phalanx 5
69
Q
  • What is the innervation of abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis?
  • What is the innervation of abductor digiti minimi?
A
  • medial plantar nerve
  • lateral plantar nerve
70
Q

What are the actions of these muscles?
- abductor hallucis
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor digiti minimi

A
  • abducts and flexes 1st digit
  • flexes lateral 4 digits
  • abducts and flexes 5th digit
71
Q

What is the distal attachment of these muscles?
- quadratus plantae
- lumbricals

A
  • posterolateral margin of flexor digitorum longus tendon
  • medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits
72
Q

What is the innervates of these muscles?
- quadratus plantae
- lumbricals

A
  • lateral plantar n
  • medial lumbrical (1): medial plantar n; lateral lumbricals (3): lateral plantar n
73
Q

What are the actions of these muscles?
- quadratus plantae
- lumbricals

A
  • assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits
  • flex proximal phalanges; extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits
74
Q

What is the proximal attachment of adductor hallucis?

A
  • oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4
  • transverse head: plantar ligaments of 3-5 metatarsophalangeal joints
75
Q

What are the distal attachments of these muscles?
- flexor hallucis brevis
- adductor hallucis
- flexor digiti minimi

A
  • both sides of base of proximal phalanx 1
  • lateral side of base of proximal phalanx 1
  • base of proximal phalanx 5
76
Q

What innervates these muscles?
- flexor hallucis brevis
- adductor hallucis
- flexor digiti minimi

A
  • medial plantar n
  • deep branch of lateral plantar n
  • superficial branch of lateral plantar n
77
Q

What are the actions of these muscles?
- flexor hallucis brevis
- adductor hallucis
- flexor digiti minimi

A
  • flexes proximal phalanx 1
  • adducts 1st digit, assists in maintaining transverse arch of foot
  • flexes proximal phalanx 5, assisting with its flexion as a whole digit
78
Q

What are the distal attachments of these muscles?
- plantar interossei (3)
- dorsal interossei (4)

A
  • medial sides of bases of proximal phalanges 3-5
  • first: medial side of proximal phalanx 1; second to fourth: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits
79
Q

What is the innervation of these muscles?
- plantar interossei (3)
- dorsal interossei (4)

A

lateral plantar nerve

80
Q

What are the actions of these muscles?
- plantar interossei (3)
- dorsal interossei (4)

A
  • adducts digits 3-4; flexes metatarsophalangeal joints
  • abducts digits 2-4; flexes metatarsophalangeal joints
81
Q

What is the central/axial line in the foot?

A

2nd digit

82
Q
  • What nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the dorsum of the foot?
  • What nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the sole of the foot?
A

dorsum
- superficial fibular n
- deep fibular n (between 1st and 2nd digits)
sole
- medial (3.5 medial toes) and lateral (1.5 lateral toes) plantar n (tibial n)
- femoral n (saphenous n)
- sural n. (common fibular n)

83
Q

What nerves supply these areas?

A
  1. lateral plantar n
  2. sural n
  3. medial plantar n
  4. saphenous n
  5. medial calcaneal branch of tibial n
84
Q
  • The arteries of the foot are terminal branches of the anterior and posterior tibial arteries, the (…)
  • The (…), often a major source of blood supply to the forefoot, is the direct continuation of the anterior tibial artery
  • What does the dorsalis pedis artery give off?
A
  • dorsal and plantar arteries
  • dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal artery of foot)
  • lateral tarsal artery
85
Q

What does the lateral tarsal artery give off?

A
  • lateral tarsal artery → arcuate artery → divides into 1st dorsal metatarsal artery and deep plantar artery
86
Q

What does the deep plantar a join and what does this form?

A
  • lateral plantar artery
  • forms deep plantar arch
87
Q
  • The sole of the foot has prolific blood supply from the (…), which divides deep to the flexor retinaculum
  • Terminal branches pass deep to the abductor hallucis as the (…) and (…) arteries
  • The (…) continues the lateral and plantar artery and receives blood from the deep branch of the (…) and from the deep (…)
A
  • posterior tibial artery
  • medial (and)
  • lateral plantar arteries
  • deep plantar arch
  • deep branch of the medial plantar artery (and)
  • deep plantar artery
88
Q

Where do you check these pulses? Associated arteries?
- femoral pulse
- popliteal pulse
- posterior tibial pulse
- dorsalis pedis pulse

A
  • femoral triangle; femoral a
  • popliteal fossa behind knee; popliteal a
  • below medial malleolus (medial ankle-tarsal tunnel); posterior tibial a
  • top of foot, foot slightly dorsiflexed; dorsalis pedis a
89
Q
  • There are both (…) and (…) veins of the foot
  • The (…) veins consist of inter-anastomosing paired veins accompanying all arteries internal to the (…) fascia
  • the (…) veins are subcutaneous, unaccompanied by arteries, and drain most of the blood from the foot
A
  • superficial and deep
  • deep veins; deep fascia
  • superficial veins
90
Q

Dorsal digital veins continue proximally as (…), which join to form the (…), proximal to which a dorsal venous network covers the remainder of the dorsum of the foot

A
  • dorsal metatarsal veins
  • subcutaneous dorsal venous arch
91
Q

Superficial veins from a (…) drain around either the medial or the lateral border of the foot to converge with the dorsal venous arch and network to form (…), which become the (…), respectively

A
  • plantar venous network
  • medial and lateral marginal veins
  • great and small saphenous veins
92
Q
  • What do lymphatics of the lower extremity follow?
  • What does the superficial ventromedial lymphatic system run alongside?
  • What is the main lymphatic drainage of the lower extremity?
  • What do these drain into?
A
  • veins
  • great saphenous v
  • superficial ventromedial system
  • superficial inguinal lymph nodes
93
Q
  • What does the smaller dorsolateral collecting system parallel?
  • What do these drain into and continue into?
  • What does the deep collecting system directly drain into?
A
  • small saphenous v
  • lymph nodes of popliteal fossa, continues into deep inguinal lymph nodes
  • deep popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes
94
Q
  • Most of the venous drainage from the lower extremity occurs via what?
  • The major part of lymph is drained by what?
A
  • deep veins
  • superficial lymphatic vessels
95
Q

What occurs when there is edema and tightness in the ankle involving the synovial sheaths of the tendons of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tarsal tunnel

96
Q

The heel pain in tarsal tunnel results from compression of what structures?

A

the tibial nerve by the flexor retinaculum

97
Q
  • What structures can be found in the tarsal tunnel?
  • What will be spared in tarsal tunnel syndrome due to other innervation?
A

Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry
- tibialis posterior
- flexor digitorum longus
- posterior tibial a
- tibial n
- flexor hallucis longus
heel will be spared - medial calcaneal br of tibial n

98
Q
  • What do the bones and ligaments of the foot provide?
  • What bones are arranged in longitudinal and transverse arches?
  • What are they passively supported and actively restrained by?
A
  • considerable flexibility & absorb shock
  • tarsal and metatarsal bones
  • flexible tendons (add to weight-bearing capabilities and resiliency of foot)
99
Q

What do the arches of the foot act as and provide?

A
  • distribute weight over foot
  • shock absorbers
  • springboards for propelling it during walking, running, and jumping
  • adaptability to changes in surface contour
100
Q
  • From the tibia, what is the weight of the body transmitted to?
  • From here, where is it transmitted posteriorly and anteriorly to?
  • After this, the weight/pressure is shared laterally with what?
  • Between these weight-bearing points, what can you find?
A
  • talus
  • calcaneus (posteriorly) and “ball of foot” (anteriorly)
  • heads of 3-5 metatarsals for balance and comfort
  • arches of foot (become slightly flatted during standing, resume curvature when weight is removed)
101
Q

The longitudinal arch of the foot is composed of (…). Functionally, both parts act as a unit, with the (…) spreading the weight in all directions.

A
  • medial and lateral parts
  • transverse arch
102
Q
  • What are the characteristics of the medial longitudinal arch?
  • What are the characteristics of the lateral longitudinal arch?
A

medial longitudinal arch
- higher, more important than lateral
- composed of calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and medial 3 metatarsals
lateral longitudinal arch
- flatter than medial
- rests on ground during standing
- composed of calcaneus, cuboid, and lateral2 metatarsals

103
Q
  • What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?
  • What helps support the medial longitudinal arch?
A
  • talar head
  • tibialis anterior and posterior via their tendinous attachments
104
Q
  • What are the characteristics of the transverse arch of the foot?
  • What serves as pillars for transverse arch?
  • What helps maintain curvature of the transverse arch?
A
  • runs from side to side; formed by cuboid, cuneiforms, and bases of metatarsals
  • medial and lateral parts of longitudinal arch
  • fibularis longus and tibialis posterior tendon, crossing the sole of the foot obliquely
105
Q
  • What provides passive support to the arches of the foot?
  • What provides dynamic support to the arches of the foot?
A
  • bones, fibrous tissues (plantar aponeurosis, long and short ligaments, calcaneonavicular ligament)
  • intrinsic mm of foot, and long tendon mm
106
Q

What supports the head of the talus and medial longitudinal arch? This is an important stabilizer of the medial arch of foot

A

plantar (spring) calcaneonavicular ligament

107
Q
  • Calcaneonavicular ligament injuries/tears are associated with (…) tears
  • What ligaments support the lateral side of the foot/arch?
A
  • posterior tibial tendon tears
  • long and short (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligaments
108
Q
  • What ligament passes from the plantar surface of the calcaneus to the groove on the cuboid and is important in maintaining the longitudinal arch of the foot?
  • What ligament is located deep to the long plantar ligament and extends from the anterior aspect of the inferior surface of the calcaneus to the inferior surface of the cuboid? (also important for maintained longitudinal arch support)
A
  • long plantar ligament
  • short (plantar calcaneocuboid) ligament
109
Q

What is important for supporting the foot arch and if damaged, can lead to flat feet?

A

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

110
Q
  • Body weight will naturally tend to drive talus down into arch, what helps prevent this?
  • What is the primary ligament supporting the medial aspect of the ankle?
  • What muscles support the lateral arch of the foot?
A
  • active (muscle) and passive (ligament) support
  • deltoid ligament
  • fibularis longus and brevis mm
111
Q
  • The transverse foot arch provides (…) and (…)
  • What tendons support the transverse foot arch?
A
  • strength, stability, and protection
  • tibialis posterior and fibularis longus
112
Q

What are reasons for flat feet?

A
  • spring ligament fails (talar head displaced inferomedially)
  • aging
  • standing
  • rapid weight gain
113
Q

Flat feet are usually associated with issues of what muscle?

A

tibialis posterior

114
Q

What are the major ligaments of the plantar aspect of the foot?

A
  • plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
  • long plantar ligament
  • plantar calcaneocuboid (short) ligament

Anatomy (25 decks)

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