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Anatomy > Neuroanatomy 2 > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • What % of body weight does the brain account for?
  • The brain receives about (…) of the cardiac output and (…) of the oxygen consumed by the body at rest
  • The blood supply to the brain is from the (…) and (…) arteries
A
  • 2.5%
  • 1/6th; 1/5th
  • internal carotid and vertebral arteries
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2
Q

What are the different parts of the internal carotid arteries?

A
  1. cervical part
  2. petrous part
  3. cavernous part
  4. cerebral part
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3
Q
  • What part of the internal carotid artery ascends to the entrance of the carotid canal in the petrous temporal bone?
  • What part of the internal carotid turns horizontally and medially in the carotid canal to emerge superior to the foramen lacerum and enters the cranial cavity?
  • What part of the internal carotid runs on the lateral side of the sphenoid in the carotid groove as it traverses the cavernous sinus?
  • What part of the internal carotid makes a 180-degree turn to join the cerebral arterial circle, ends in the circle of willis as terminal branches anterior and middle cerebral arteries?
A
  • cervical part
  • petrous part
  • cavernous part
  • cerebral part
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4
Q

What is the passage of the vertebral arteries?

A
  • begin in root of neck
  • pass through transverse foramina of first 6 cervical vertebra
  • perforate dura and arachnoid to pass through foramen magnum
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5
Q
  • The intracranial parts of the vertebral arteries unite at the caudal border of the pons to form (…)
  • This artery runs through the (…) to the superior border of the pons where it ends by dividing into two (…)
  • Vertebrobasilar circulation is known as (…)
  • People can get very (…) if there is a vertebrobasilar issue
  • What do the vertebral arteries supply?
A
  • basilar artery
  • pontocerebellar cistern
  • posterior cerebral arteries
  • posterior circulation
  • dizzy
  • cranial meninges and cerebellum
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6
Q

Most cerebral aneurysms occur where?

A

circle of willis

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7
Q
  • What is the basilar artery formed by?
  • What does it supply?
  • How does it terminate?
  • What branches does it give off?
A
  • union of vertebral arteries
  • brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum
  • dividing into 2 posterior cerebral arteries
    branches:
  • superior cerebellar artery
  • pontine arteries
  • anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
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8
Q

What branches come off the vertebral arteries?

A
  • anterior spinal a
  • posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
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9
Q
  • What does the anterior cerebral arteries supply?
  • What does the middle cerebral arteries supply?
  • What does the posterior cerebral arteries supply?
A
  • most of medial and superior surfaces of brain and frontal pole
  • lateral surface of brain and temporal pole (involves most of the brain tissue)
  • inferior surface of brain and occipital pole
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10
Q

A stroke involving (…) will be most detrimental? (anterior, middle, posterior cerebral aa)

A

middle cerebral aa

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11
Q

What supplies the medial and superior surface of cerebral hemispheres but not the occipital and temporal lobes (top of head/scalp area)?

A

anterior cerebral artery

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12
Q

What supplies the medial surface of the occipital and temporal lobes?

A

posterior cerebral artery

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13
Q

What supplies most of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres including the motor cortex?

A

middle cerebral artery

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14
Q

The middle cerebral artery controls a lot of the homunculi and will affect more of the (…) vs the (…)

A

upper extremities vs the lower extremities

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15
Q

What are the 4 regions of the middle cerebral artery?

A
  • M1: sphenoidal
  • M2: insular
  • M3: opercular
  • M4: cortical
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16
Q

What is the origin of these arteries:
- internal carotid
- anterior cerebral
- anterior communicating
- middle cerebral
- vertebral
- basilar
- posterior cerebral
- posterior communicating

A
  • internal carotid: common carotid
  • anterior cerebral: internal carotid
  • anterior communicating: anterior cerebral a
  • middle cerebral: continuation of internal carotid a
  • vertebral: subclavian
  • basilar: union of vertebral aa
  • posterior cerebral: basilar a
  • posterior communicating: posterior cerebral a
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17
Q

What is the distribution of these arteries?
- internal carotid
- anterior cerebral
- anterior communicating
- middle cerebral
- vertebral
- basilar
- posterior cerebral
- posterior communicating

A
  • internal carotid: cavernous sinus, pituitary gland, trigeminal ganglion, brain (anterior circulation)
  • anterior cerebral: cerebral hemispheres, except occipital and temporal
  • anterior communicating: circle of willis
  • middle cerebral: lateral surface of cerebral hemispheres
  • vertebral: cranial meninges and cerebellum
  • basilar: brainstem, cerebellum, cerebrum
  • posterior cerebral: inferior cerebral hemisphere and occipital lobe
  • posterior communicating: optic tract, cerebral peduncle, internal capsule, thalamus
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18
Q

Label

A
  1. anterior cerebral artery
  2. middle cerebral artery
  3. posterior cerebral artery
  4. basilar artery
  5. vertebral artery
  6. internal carotid artery
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19
Q

Label

A
  1. anterior cerebral artery
  2. posterior cerebral artery (3)
  3. basilar artery (4)
  4. vertebral artery (5)
  5. internal carotid artery (6)
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20
Q
  • The cerebral arterial circle (of Willis) is an important anastomosis between (…) arteries: (…) that supply the brain
  • What are the names of the arteries that this circle if formed by?
A
  • 4 arteries; 2 vertebral and 2 internal carotid aa
    formed by:
  • posterior cerebral
  • posterior communicating
  • internal carotid
  • anterior cerebral
  • anterior communicating
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21
Q

In approximately one in three people, one (…) is a major branch of the internal carotid artery

A

posterior cerebral artery

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22
Q

What is the major reflex center and conduction pathway between the body and the brain, is a cylindrical structure that is slightly flattened anteriorly and posteriorly?

A

the spinal cord

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23
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A
  • vertebrae and their associated ligaments and muscles
  • spinal meninges
  • CSF
24
Q
  • What does the spinal cord begin as?
  • The spinal cord, spinal meninges, spinal nerve roots, and neurovascular structures that supply them are in the (…)
A
  • begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata (caudal part of brainstem)
  • vertebral canal
25
Q
  • In a newborn, the inferior end of the spinal cord is found between (…)
  • In adults, the spinal cord usually ends between (…), however, its tapering end, the (…), may terminate as high as (…) or as low as (…)
A
  • L2 and L3
  • L1 and L2
  • conus medullaris
  • T12
  • L3
26
Q

Where is the epidural space located?

A
  • between outer skin and dural space
27
Q
  • What regions of the spinal cord have a slightly larger diameter?
  • Why is this?
A
  • cervical and lumbar regions
  • increased numbers of neurons and axons in these regions for innervation of muscles in the upper and lower limbs
28
Q
  • What is the tapered end of the spinal cord?
  • From the conus, the nerve rootlets course to their respective levels and form a bundle called the (…)
  • The spinal cord is anchored inferiorly by the (…) which is attached to the coccyx
A
  • conus medullaris
  • cauda equina
  • terminal filum
29
Q

The terminal filum is a (…) that picks up a layer of arachnoid and dura mater after passing through the dural sac (at L2) and before attaching to the coccyx

A

pial extension

30
Q
  • The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord extends from (…) to (…)
  • Most of the (…) arising from it form the brachial plexus of nerves, which innervates the upper limbs
A
  • C4 to T1
  • anterior rami of the spinal nerves
31
Q
  • The lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord extends from (…) to (…)
  • The (…) arising from it contribute to the lumbar sacral plexuses of nerves, which innervates the lower limbs
A
  • L1 to S3
  • anterior rami of the spinal nerves
32
Q

How many spinal nerves are there? What are they divided into?

A
  • 31 pairs (62 total)
  • 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
33
Q

Motor neurons are found (…) the cord; sensory neurons are found (…) the cord

A
  • inside
  • outside
34
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves are there? Where is the first one located?

A
  • 8
  • spinal nerve 1 is located above C1
35
Q
  • C1 - C7 spinal nerves exit (…) to the vertebra of same name/number
  • C8 spinal nerve nerve exits (…) to C7 vertebra
  • All subsequent spinal nerves exit (…) to the vertebra of same name and number
A
  • superior
  • inferior
  • inferior
36
Q

What is the spinal cord suspended by?

A
  • filum terminale
  • right and left sawtooth denticulate ligaments
37
Q

What ligaments consist of a fibrous sheet of pia mater extending midway between the posterior and anterior nerve roots?

A

denticulate ligaments

38
Q
  • The superior processes of the right and left denticulate ligament attach to the (…) immediately superior to the (…).
  • The inferior process extends from the (…) passing between the (…) nerve roots
A
  • cranial dura mater
  • foramen magnum
  • conus medullaris
  • T12 and the L1
39
Q
  • The (…) of the spinal nerves contain afferent (sensory) fibers from skin, subcutaneous and deep tissues and viscera
  • The (…) of spinal nerves contain efferent (motor) fibers to skeletal muscle, and many contain presynaptic autonomic fibers
A
  • posterior roots
  • anterior roots
40
Q

The (…) nerve roots unite at their points of exit from the vertebral canal to form aspinal nerve

A

posterior and anterior

41
Q
  • The (…) supply the zygapophysial joints, deep muscles of the back, and overlying skin
  • The (…) supply the muscles, joints, and skin of the limbs and the remainder of the trunk
A
  • posterior rami
  • anterior rami
42
Q

Label

A
43
Q

The dorsal root ganglion has (…) fibers

A

sensory

44
Q

Label

A
45
Q
  • What contains cell bodies of motor neurons?
  • What contains cell bodies of sensory neurons?
A
  • ventral horn
  • dorsal horns
46
Q

Sympathetic nn travel with (…) nerves to the periphery

A
  • somatic (visceral)
47
Q

What is the pathway of sensation in the spinal cord beginning at the skin?

A
  • skin senses something
  • travels to posterior root
  • spinal ganglion
  • posterior horn
  • anterior horn
  • anterior root
  • motor neuron
  • muscle
48
Q
  • Where is gray and white matter located in the cerebral cortex?
  • Where is it located in the spinal cord?
A
  • gray matter peripherally, white matter centrally
  • gray matter centrally, white matter peripherally
49
Q
  • What is contained in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
  • What is contained in the white matter?
A
  • gray: nerve cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers
  • white: myelinated fiber tracts
50
Q

Clusters of nerve cell bodies are located in the (…) of the spinal cord

A

ventral horn

51
Q

Label

A
52
Q
  • The(…), composed of tough, fibrous, and some elastic tissue, is the outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord.
  • The spinal dura mater is separated from the vertebrae by the(…) space.
  • The dura forms the(…), a long tubular sheath within the vertebral canal.
  • The spinal dural sac adheres to the margin of the (…) of the cranium, where it is continuous with the (…)
A
  • spinal dura mater
  • extradural (epidural)
  • spinal dural sac
  • foramen magnum
  • cranial dura mater
53
Q

Cranial nerves are (…) nerves; once out of the spinal cord, they are no longer (…)

A
  • peripheral
  • central
54
Q

What arteries supply the spinal cord?

A

branches of:
- vertebral a
- ascending cervical
- deep cervical
- intercostal
- lumbar
- lateral sacral

55
Q

What are the 3 longitudinal arteries that supply the spinal cord?

A
  • one anterior spinal artery (formed by union of br. of vertebral aa)
  • paired posterior spinal arteries (each a br. of vertebral a or posterior inferior cerebellar a)
56
Q
  • Spinal cord blood supply is mainly from (…)
  • There is segmentally reinforced blood supply from (…)
A
  • spinal aa (off vertebral)
  • spinal br. of cervical, posterior intercostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral aa
57
Q

Label

A

Anatomy (25 decks)

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