Lower Limb 1 Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Which superficial vein of the lower limb ascends anterior to the medial malleolus of the tibia
A
The great saphenous
2
Q
Which superficial vein of the lower limb ascends posterior to the medial malleolus
A
The small saphenous
3
Q
Where does the great saphenous vein empty blood into
A
The femoral vein
4
Q
Which vessel does the small saphenous vein empty into
A
The popliteal vein
5
Q
Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the great saphenous vein end
A
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
6
Q
Where do the lymphatic vessels accompanying the small saphenous vein end
A
Popliteal lymph nodes
7
Q
What is the dermatome for the medial knee
A
L3
8
Q
What is the dermatome of the little toe
A
S1
9
Q
What is the name of the structure that deepens the acetabelar cavity
A
Acetabelar labrum
10
Q
Name the main ligaments of the hip joint
A
- The ileofemoral ligament
- The pubofemoral ligament
- The ischiofemoral ligament
11
Q
Which ligament prevents Hyperextension of the hip joint
A
The iliofemoral ligament
12
Q
Which ligament prevents hyperabduction of the hip joint
A
The pubofemoral ligament
13
Q
Which hip ligament is Y-shaped
A
Ileofemoral
14
Q
Chief flexor of the thigh
A
Iliopsoas muscle - psoas major and iliacus
15
Q
What is the main extensor of the hip joint
A
Gluteus maximus (strong when standing from a sitting position and also climbing stairs, but is relatively inactive during normal walking)
16
Q
Name the 3 bones of the hip
A
Ilium, ischium and pubis
17
Q
Name the ligaments that connect the sacrum to the pelvis
A
Sacrospinal ligament and sacrotuberal ligament
18
Q
Describe the path of the pudendal nerve to the perineum
A
Between the pelvic cavity and perineum by passing first through the greater sciatic foramen to enter the gluteal region and then immediately pass through the lesser foramen to enter the perineum
19
Q
Action of the piriformis
A
- abduction of the femur when flexed
- lateral rotation of the femur when extended
20
Q
Action of the obturator internus
A
- abduction of the femur when flexed
- lateral rotation of the femur when extended
21
Q
Action of the gemelli
A
- abduction of the femur when flexed
- lateral rotation of the femur when extended
22
Q
What is the trendelenburg sign
A
When asked to stand on one leg unsupported the opposite pelvic brim drops. Indicates possible damage to the superior gluteal nerve supplying gluteus minimus and medius
23
Q
Action of gluteus minimus and medius
A
- Abduct femur at hip joint
- secure pelvis over stance leg to prevent opposite side dropping when walking
- medially rotates thigh
24
Q
What is the action of the quadratus femoris
A
Laterally rotates femur at hip joint
25
Which nerve supplies the gluteus minimus and medius
The superior gluteal nerve
26
Name the most superficial and largest muscle of the gluteal region
The gluteus maximus
27
Where do the abductors of the thigh attach
The deep gluteal muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur
28
Name the abductors of the thigh
- piriformis
- obturator internus
- gemelli - superior and inferior
- gluteus medius and minimus
29
Lateral (external) rotators of the femur
Gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli superior and inferior and the quadratus femoris
30
Action of the gluteus maximus
Extends the flexed thigh at the hip joint and stabilises the knee and hip joint through insertion into iliotibial tract
31
Where does the tensor fasciae latae originate
The outer margin of the iliac crest from the anterior superior iliac spine to approximately the tuberculum of iliac crest
32
What is the action of the tensor fasciae latae
Stabilizes the knee in extension and stabilises the hip joint by holding head of femur in the acetabulum
33
Innervation of the tensor fasciae latae
The superior gluteal nerve
34
Innervation of the gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal nerve
35
Name the 4 heads of the quadratus femoris
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
- vastus intermedius
36
Which nerve innervates the quadriceps femoris
The femoral nerve
37
What is the action of the rectus femoris on the hip joint
Flexion --> the kicking muscle
38
What do the 4 tendons of the quadriceps femoris unite to form
The quadriceps tendon proximal to the patella which continues as the patellar ligament distal to the patella to its attachment on the tibia
39
Where does the patellar ligament attach to the tibia
The tibial tuberosity
40
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris
Parts of the muscle group are hip flexors but majority are knee extensors
41
What is the most superficial muscle of the anterior thigh
The sartorius muscle
42
Wash are the actions of the sartorius on the hip joint
- Flexion
- abduction
- lateral rotation
- flexion of the leg at the knee joint
43
Which nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles
The obturator nerve
44
Through which bony foramen does the nerve that innervates the medial thigh muscles enter the thigh
The obturator foramen
45
Which structures pass through the adductor hiatus
Femoral artery and vein
46
Which artery is the femoral artery a continuation of
The external iliac
47
Where can you locate the femoral artery
Midway between the ASIS and pubic symphysis
48
Name the large branch of the femoral artery which passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings
The profunda femoris
49
The femoral vein is a continuation of which vein
The popliteal vein
50
Name the muscles supplied by the femoral nerve
- The sartorius
- The pectineus
- The iliacus
- The quadriceps femoris
51
Which structure forms the base of the femoral triangle
The inguinal ligament
52
Medial boundary of the femoral triangle
The adductor longus
53
Lateral boundary of the femoral triangle
The sartorius muscle
54
Identity the structures that can be located in the femoral triangle
Femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein and femoral canal (contains lymph nodes)
55
What structures are enclosed in the femoral sheath
The femoral artery, femoral vein and lymph nodes
56
Are femoral hernias more common in males of females
Females
57
Name the 2 superficial veins of the lower limb
Great saphenous and small saphenous
58
What structures exit via the greater sciatic foramen
- Piriformis
- gluteal nerves superior and inferior
- sciatic foramen
- pudendal nerve
59
Root value of the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
60
Proximal origin of the hamstring muscles
Ischial tuberosity
61
Most lateral hamstring muscle
Biceps femoris
62
Distal attachment of the biceps femoris
head of fibula and lateral condyle of fibula
63
What does the silastic nerve split into around the popliteal fossa
```
Tibial nerve (medial)
Common fibular nerve (lateral)
```
64
What is the inguinal ligament a continuation of
The external oblique muscle
65
Main flexor of the hip joint
Iliopsoas
66
Which nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thing
L2, L3, L4 - obturator nerve
67
Innervation of the pectineus
Obturator and femoral nerve
68
What is the main artery to the femoral head
Medial circumflex artery
69
What structures exit via the greater sciatic foramen
- Piriformis
- gluteal nerves superior and inferior
- sciatic foramen
- pudendal nerve
70
Root value of the sacral plexus?
?
71
Proximal origin of the hamstring muscles
Ischial tuberosity
72
Most lateral hamstring muscle
Biceps femoris
73
Distal attachment of the biceps femoris
...
74
What does the silastic nerve split into around the popliteal fossa
```
Tibial nerve (medial)
Common fibular nerve (lateral)
```
75
What is the inguinal ligament a continuation of
The external oblique muscle
76
Main flexor of the hip joint
Iliopsoas
77
Which nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thing
L2, L3, L4 - obturator nerve
78
Innervation of the pectineus
Obturator and femoral nerve
79
What is the main artery to the femoral head
Medial circumflex artery
80
What structures exit via the greater sciatic foramen
- Piriformis
- gluteal nerves superior and inferior
- sciatic foramen
- pudendal nerve
81
Root value of the lumbar plexus?
Anterior rami of L1-L4
82
Proximal origin of the hamstring muscles
Ischial tuberosity
83
Most lateral hamstring muscle
Biceps femoris
84
Distal attachment of the biceps femoris
...
85
What does the silastic nerve split into around the popliteal fossa
```
Tibial nerve (medial)
Common fibular nerve (lateral)
```
86
What is the inguinal ligament a continuation of
The external oblique muscle
87
Main flexor of the hip joint
Iliopsoas
88
Which nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thing
L2, L3, L4 - obturator nerve
89
Innervation of the pectineus
Obturator and femoral nerve
90
What is the main artery to the femoral head
Medial circumflex artery
91
Root value of the sacral plexus
Ventral rami of L4, L5 S1, S2, S3 and S4
92
What are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus
Obturator and femoral nerve
93
Which compartments of the thigh are innervated by
1) obturator
2) femoral
1) medial
| 2) anterior
94
Root value of the obturator nerve
L2-L4
95
Root value of the femoral nerve
L2-L4
96
Path of the femoral nerve
Emerges from lateral border of psoas major and innervates the iliacus and passes deep to the inguinal ligament to the anterior thigh supplying the flexors of knee and extensors of the hip
97
Path of the obturator nerve
Emerges from the medial border of the psoas major and passes through the pelvis (obturator foramen) to the medial thigh, supplying adductor muscles
98
Superficial muscles of gluteal region
Gluteus maximus, medius and minimis
99
Deep muscles of the gluteal region
Piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemelli, quadratus femoris
100
Muscles attaching to the iliotibial tract
Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae
101
The roots of the sacral plexus are anterior to which posterior muscle
Piriformis
102
2 main branches of the sacral plexus
The sciatic and pudendal nerves
103
What is the lumbosacral trunk formed by
Union of L4 and L5 - passes over the wing of sacrum to participate in the formation of the sacral plexus along with ventral rami of S1-S4
104
Root value of the superior gluteal nerve
L4-S1
105
Root value of the inferior gluteal nerve
L5-S2
106
Where does the sciatic nerve bifurcate
The apex of the popliteal fossa
107
What are the 2 main divisions of the sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve and common fibular
108
Does the sciatic nerve supply any muscles in the gluteal region
?
109
Which is the most lateral hamstring muscle
Biceps femoris
110
What is the common action of all the hamstrings
- flexion of the knee joint
| - extension of thigh at hip
111
Which hamstring muscle laterally rotates the hip and knee
Biceps femoris
112
Which hamstring muscles medially rotate the hip and knee
The semimemranosous and semitendinosus
113
What is the distal attachment of the medial hamstring muscles
Semimembranosus to medial epicondyle of tibia and semitendinosus to medial surface of tibia
114
What is the proximal attachment/origin of the semitendinosus
Which other muscle also attaches here
Ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
Biceps femoris (long head of)
115
What is the distal attachment of the biceps femoris
The lateral
116
Name the origin of the biceps femoris (long and short head)
Long head is ischial tuberosity of the pelvis
Short head is posterior femur (linea aspera)
117
Innervation of the biceps femoris
Sciatic nerve
- tibial division supplies long head
- common fibular supplies short head
118
What actions are possible at the knee joint
Flexion and extension
And small active and passive rotation movements can occur
119
What kind of joint is the knee joint
Compound synovial hinge
120
Which bones articulate at the knee joint
- femur and tibia
| - patella and femur
121
Which is the most important muscle which helps stabilise the knee joint
Quadriceps femoris
122
Name the ligament which extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
123
Name the ligament which extends from the median epicondyle of the femur to the medial surface of the tibia
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
124
Which tendon separates the lateral collateral ligament of the knee from the lateral meniscus
The popliteus muscle tendon
125
What is the medial collateral ligament of the knee attached to medially
The medial meniscus
126
Role of the anterior cruciate ligament
Prevents femur sliding posteriorly and prevents hyperextension of the knee joint
127
Role of the posterior cruciate ligament
Prevents femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia
128
What are the menisci
C shaped plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of tibia
129
What are the function of the menisci
Deepen surface and shock absorption
130
What is the unhappy triad caused by a lateral impact to the knee
- puts load on he medial collateral ligament which is attached to the medial meniscus and both tear
- this puts load upon the ACL which then tears
131
Muscles which flex the knee
- hamstrings - semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
- sartorius
- gracilis
- popliteus
132
Muscles which extend the knee
Quadriceps femoris - vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis, vastus laeteralis, rectus femoris
133
Lateral rotation of the knee
Biceps femoris
Can only occur when knee is flexed; when knee is not flexed medial/lateral rotation occurs at the hip joint
134
Medial rotation of the knee
Semimembranosis, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus
Can only occur when knee is flexed; when knee is not flexed medial/lateral rotation occurs at the hip joint
135
Which muscle tendon does the patella attach to
Quadriceps femoris
136
Which type of cartilage are the menisci comprised of
Fibrocartilage
137
Describe the attachments of the anterior cruciate
Anterior tibia to posterior femur
138
Describe the attachments of the posterior cruciate
Attaches to the posterior intercondylar region of the tibia, and ascends anteriorly to attach to the femur in the intercondylar fossa
139
Housemaids knee affects which structure
Prepatellar bursitis - caused by the friction between the skin and the patella. The bursa may distend and form a swelling in front of the knee
140
Which bursa communicates with the articular cavity of the knee joint
Suprapatellar bursa
141
Suprapatellar bursa communicating with the articular cavity of knee joint significance
??
142
Root values of the femoral nerve
L2,L3,L4
143
Action of the psoas major on the vertebral collumn
Flexion
144
Segmental value of obturator nerve
L2, L3, L4
145
Iliopsoas distal attachment
Lesser trochanter of femur
146
Function of iliofemoral ligament
Prevents hyperextension of hip joint
