Upper Limb 1 Flashcards by Lauren Brown

What forms the lateral side of the axillary pyramid

The intertubercular groove of the humerus

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What forms the posterior wall of the axilla

The subscapularis
Pectoralis minor
Latissmus dorsi

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What forms the anterior side of the axillary pyramid

Pectoralis major

Subclavius

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What forms the medial side of the axillary pyramid

Intercostal muscles and ribs

Seratus anterior

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What forms the top of the axillary pyramid

lateral border of first rib
superior border of scapula
posterior border of clavicle

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Which nerve roots converge to form the upper trunk of the brachial plexus

C5 and C6

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What nerve(s) form(s) the middle trunk of the brachial plexus

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What nerves converge to form the lower trunk of the brachial plexus

C8 and T1

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Which muscles is the brachial plexus roots in between

Posterior and anterior scalene muscles

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What forms the brachial plexus

VENTRAL RAMI OF C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

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Which cord in relation to the axillary artery gives rise to the musculocutaneous nerve

Lateral

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Root value of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus

C5, C6 and C7

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What does the median nerve arise from

The lateral and medial cords

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Which nerves does the posterior cord of the brachial plexus give rise to

Axillary and radial nerves

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Which cord does the ulnar nerve arise from

The medial cord

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How would you cause erb’s palsy

injury to the upper trunk
Hyperextension of neck from shoulder
Falling on shoulder, birth injury or during anaesthesia

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What would cause klumpke’s palsy

Injury at the nerve roots C8 and T1 - falling from a tree

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Symptoms of erb’s palsy

Waiter’s tip

Medially rotated with wrist flexed

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Which muscles are supplied by nerve roots C5 and C6

The upper trunk

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus,
Biceps brachi, coracobrachialis, deltoid, teres minor

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Which muscles are affected by klumpke’s palsy

Intrinsic muscles of the hand and ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers

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What are the main branches of the brachial plexus

Musculocutaneous 
Axillary 
Radial 
Median 
Ulnar

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Which nerve runs closest with the brachial artery

The median nerve

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When does the subclavian artery change into the axillary artery

Lateral border of the first rib

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Main contributor of the deep palmar arch

Radial artery

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Main contributor of superficial palmar arch

Ulnar artery

Which of these veins is more lateral - cephalic or basilic Which vein connects these 2 veins

Cephalic Median cubital vein

Where does the median cubital vein shunt blood to and from

From the cephalic vein to the basilic vein

What are the distinct groups of axillary lymph nodes

- Anterior/pectoral - Posterior/subscapular - Apical - Central - Lateral

Where would an infection from the little finger spread

Lateral group of lymph nodes

Where would an infection in the scapular region spread to

Posterior/subscapular group of lymph nodes

Where would the upper medial quadrant of the breast drain to

Anterior group of lymph nodes

Where do the upper limb and pectoral girdle articulate with the axial skeleton

Sternoclavicular joint

Where is the easiest place to break the clavicle

Junction between middle 1/3 and lateral 1/3

What muscles attach to the coracoid process Originate from?

``` Biceps brachi (short head) Pectoralis minor ``` Coracobrachialis

Which bone does the acromion of the scapula articulate with

The clavicle | --> acromioclavicular joint

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint

Synovial plane

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint

Synovial saddle

Which muscles elevate the scapula

- Trapezius - superior part | - levator scapulae

Which muscles depress the scapula

Trapezius - inferior part

Which muscle protracts the scapula

Serratus anterior

Which muscle retracts the scapula

Trapezius (middle) and rhomboids

Which muscles rotate the scapula to elevate the glenoid cavity (- after the first 30 degrees of movement occurring at the glenohumeral joint)

Descending and ascending trapezius work together??

Which muscles rotate the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity (- after the first 30 degrees of movement occurring at the glenohumeral joint)

Inferior trapezius and inferior part of serratus anterior

Why is the glenohumeral joint stable despite the humerus being much larger than the glenoid fossa

The glenoid fossa is deepened by a fibrocartilaginous rim called the glenoid labrum

Name the ligaments of the glenohumeral joint

- coracohumeral ligament - coracoacromial ligament - glenohumeral ligaments

What prevents upper displacement of the humeral head from the glenoid fossa

The coracoacromial arch made up of the acromion and coracoid process of the scapula and the coracoacromial ligament

Which part of the shoulder joint is weakest

Anterior - is not protected by muscles or ligaments

Name the bursae around the shoulder joint

- subacromial | - subscapular

What is the role of the subacromial bursa

Supports deltoid and supraspnatous muscles

Where is the subacromial bursa

Inferior to the deltoid and acromion and superior to the supraspnatous tendon and joint capsule

Which bursa is located between the subscapularis tendon and the scapula

Subscapular bursa

Name the rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatous Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis

What is the function of the rotator cuff muscles

Hod the humeral head in the glenoid cavity of scapula during all movements of the shoulder

What movements of the glenohumeral joint are initiated by the rotator cuff muscles

Subscapularis, teres minor and infraspinatus all involved in rotation Supraspinatous involved in abduction of the arm

What is the origin of the deltoid muscle

Lateral spine of the scapula across the acromion to the lateral third of the clavicle

Action of the anterior fibres of the deltoid

Flexes and medially rotates at the shoulder joint

Action of the middle fibres of the deltoid

Abduction at the shoulder joint

Action of the posterior fibres of the deltoid

Extension and lateral rotation at the shoulder joint

Which nerve supplies the deltoid muscle

Axillary

Which nerve is at risk from a surgical neck of humerus fracture

Axillary nerve

Where would you test for loss of sensation for the axillary nerve

Lateral side of the arm over the deltoid area | - dermatomes C5 and C6

Where do the fibres of the pectoralis major originate

Medial third of clavicle, the sternum and ribs

Action of the Pectoralis major on the shoulder joint

To adduct and medially rotate the humerus

Which vein is found in the deltopectoral triangle

- this is the space between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscle - subclavian

Action of the serratus anterior

- Protraction of the scapulae | - stabilises the scapulae during limb movements to keep it pulled against the thoracic cage

What is the nerve supply to the serratus anterior muscle

Long thoracic nerve - C5, C6 and C7

What clinical sign is viewed when the long thoracic nerve is damaged

Winging of the scapulae

During what procedure is the long thoracic nerve at risk of damage

- Radical mastectomies - Also become damage by damage to the shoulder, repetitive movements involving the shoulder, structures becoming inflamed and pressing on the nerve

What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis major muscle

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves from the brachial plexus

Attachments of the pectoralis major muscle

- The clavicle (clavicular head) - The sternum and ribs (sternocostal head) - Intertubercular groove of the humerus

Innervation of the pectoralis minor

Medial pectoral nerve

Attachments of the pectoralis minor muscle

- Anterior surface of ribs 3-5 - coracoid process of scapula --> imagine as a bridge that vessels passing into the upper limb must travel underneath

Innervation of the trapezius muscle

Accessory spinal nerve - CN XI

What is the action of the teres major on the shoulder joint

Adducts and medially rotates shoulder joint

Action of the latissmus dorsi on the shoulder joint

Extends, adducts and medially rotates - raises body or arms during climbing

Which muscles flex the shoulder joint

- Anterior of deltoid - biceps brachi - pectoralis major

Which muscles extend the shoulder joint

- latissmus dorsi - teres major - long head of triceps - posterior fibres of deltoid

Which muscles adduct the shoulder joint

- Pectoralis major and minor - latissmus dorsi -

Contents of the axilla

``` Axillary artery Axillary vein Brachial plexus Auxiliary lymph nodes Coracorbrachialis and biceps brachi ```

Upper Limb 1 Flashcards

(79 cards)