Lower Limb 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 main regions of the lower limb?
A
Buttock/hip
Free lower limb
2
Q
What is the leg?
A
Region between knee and ankle
3
Q
What are the 3 parts of the free lower limb?
A
Thigh, leg and foot
4
Q
When there is flexion at the knee joint where does the leg move?
A
Posteriorly
5
Q
How do movements concerning the elbow and knee differ?
A
Flexion causes movement in opposite directions
6
Q
How do dermatomes in the lower limb differ to the upper limb?
A
They have twisted oblique fields due to internal rotation at the hip during foetal development
7
Q
In the leg are the extensors anterior or posterior?
A
Anterior
8
Q
In the leg are the flexors anterior or posterior?
A
Posterior
9
Q
What is the main bone in the hip/buttock region?
A
Pelvic girdle
10
Q
What is the thigh bone called?
A
Femur
11
Q
What is the knee bone called?
A
Patella
12
Q
What are the 2 leg bones?
A
Tibia and fibula
13
Q
What are the 3 sets of bones in the foot?
A
Tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
14
Q
What is the pelvic girdle formed by?
A
2 hip bones
15
Q
What bones articulate at the sacro-iliac joint?
A
The sacrum and the 2 hip bones posteriorly
16
Q
What 2 bones articulate at the pubic symphysis?
A
The 2 hip bones anteriorly
17
Q
Where do the 2 hip bones articulate anteriorly and posteriorly?
A
Anterior: Pubic symphysis
Posterior: Sacro-iliac joint
18
Q
What 3 bones fuse to form the hip bones?
A
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
19
Q
What cartilage is the location of the fusion of the 3 hip bones and what does it form?
A
Triradiate cartilage
Forms at the acetabulum
20
Q
At what age do the hip bones fuse?
A
Around 15 years of age
21
Q
Which of the 3 pubic bones is posterior?
A
Ischium
22
Q
Which of the 3 pubic bones is the largest?
A
Ilium
23
Q
What bony structure do the pubic bones have?
A
Rami
24
Q
Where do the pubis and ischium fuse?
A
Superiorly and inferiorly at the rami
25
What does the femur articulate with proximally and distally?
Proximally: pelvis
Distally: tibia
26
What runs on the posterior surface of the femur?
Linea aspera
27
How does the position of the thigh help us walk?
The knees come in closer together under the pelvis which helps us walk unlike in apes whos knees go straight down so they waddle
28
What does the proximal femur articulate with?
The acetabulum
29
What is found distally on the femur?
Medial and lateral epicondyles
30
Which leg bone is weight bearing?
Tibia
31
Out of the 2 leg bones which is medial and which is lateral?
Medial: tibia
Lateral: fibula
32
What projections are found at the distal ends of the tibia and fibula
Medial and lateral malleolus
33
What is found at the proximal end of the tibia?
Tibial plateau
34
What are the 3 parts of the tibial plateau?
Medial and lateral epicondyles as well as the intercondylar tubercles
35
What does the fibula articulate with proximally?
Only the tibia, NOT the femur, therefore it is not weight bearing
36
What is the upper surface of the foot?
Dorsum
37
What is the sole of the foot?
Plantar
38
What is dorsiflexion?
Toes are pointed superiorly
39
What is plantarflexion?
Toes are pointed inferiorly
40
What is inversion of the foot?
Plantar surface is pointed medially
41
What is eversion of the foot?
Plantar surface is pointed laterally
42
What is the anatomical name for the large toe?
Hallux
43
How are the 3 sets of foot bones arranged going from posterior to anterior?
Tarsals, metatarsals, then phalanges
44
What are the tarsal bones?
Calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms
45
How many metatarsals and phalanges are there?
5 of each
46
Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot found?
On the plantar surface where the metatarsal and phalangeal bone of the hallux meet
47
Out of navicular and cuboid bone which is medial and which is lateral?
Navicular is medial and cuboid is lateral
48
How many arches are in the foot and why are they useful?
3, they redistribute weight and allow for energy efficiency when walking
49
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Ball and socket synoival
50
What type of joint is the sacro iliac?
Synovial but with limited mobility
51
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Fibrocartilaginous
52
What type of joint is the patello-femoral joint?
Gliding synovial
53
What type of joint is the the proximal tibiofibular?
Plane synovial
54
What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular?
Fibrous
55
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial hinge
56
What type of joint are the joints in the foot?
Synovial
57
What movement happens when there is flexion at the hip?
Whole leg moves forward
58
What movement happens when there is extension at the hip?
Whole leg moves backward
59
What movement happens when there is abduction at the hip?
Whole leg moves laterally away from the body
60
What movement happens when there is adduction at the hip?
Leg moves from abducted position back to normal
61
What movement happens when there is lateral rotation at the hip?
Leg twists away from body so toes point away from the body
62
What movement happens when there is medial rotation at the hip?
Leg twists back from laterally rotated position so toes are pointing forward again
63
Where does the ligament of the head of the femur attach to the femur?
At the fovea
64
What ligament is found embedded in the acetabulum
Transverse acetabular ligament
65
What are the 3 ligaments of the hip joint capsule
Ilio femoral ligament
Pubo femoral ligament
Ischio femoral ligament
66
What movement happens when there is flexion at the knee joint?
Below the knee moves backwards
67
What movement happens when there is extension at the knee joint?
Below the knee moves forwards
68
How are flexion and extension at the knee different to at the hip and why?
They are in opposite directions due to internal rotation of the lower limb during foetal development
69
What are the 2 main pairs of ligaments that stabilise the knee joint?
Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
| Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
70
What are the medial and lateral collateral ligaments also known as
Medial collateral= tibial ligament
| Lateral collateral= fibular ligament
71
Which set of knee ligaments cross over?
Anterior and posterior cruciate
72
How well do the femur and tibia fit togther?
Not well at all
73
How is the meniscus named at the knee?
Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
74
What ligament attaches to the medial meniscus?
Medial collateral/ tibial ligament
75
What is inflammation of the bursa called?
Bursitis
76
What foot bone articulates with the distal tibia and fibula at the ankle joint?
Talus
77
What is the other name for extension of the foot?
Dorsiflexion
78
What is the other name for flexion of the foot?
Plantarflexion
79
What movement happens during flexion of the foot?
The toes point downwards
| a planted foot goes on tip toe
80
What movement happens during extension of the foot?
The toes point upwards
81
At what joints does inversion and eversion occur?
The sub talar and transverse tarsal joints
82
What movement occurs during inversion of the foot?
The foot rolls so weight is on the lateral side (side of the little toe)
83
What movement occurs during eversion of the foot?
The foot rolls so weight is on the medial side (side of the big toe)
84
What are the 2 sets of ligaments at the ankle?
Medial ligaments
| Lateral ligaments
85
Which ankle ligament is most commonly stretched and torn in sprains?
Lateral ligaments
86
What are the 3 lateral ligaments of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular ligaments
Posterior talofibular ligaments
Calcaneofibular ligaments
87
What does the medial ankle ligament run between?
From the medial malleolus to the tarsal bones
88
When a muscle spans a joint what are the two ways it can act?
As a stabiliser or a mover of the joint
89
How are the muscles in a limb compartment similar?
They tend to have a distinct function, have the same blood supply, have the same nerve supply and are separated by connective tissue
90
What are the thigh muscles covered by?
Fascia lata
91
What does the fascia lata thicken to form laterally?
Iliotibial tract
92
In terms of movement, what do the gluteal muscles do?
Hip extensors, abductors and rotaters
93
In terms of movement, what do the anterior thigh muscles do?
Knee extensors
94
In terms of movement, what do the posterior thigh muscles do?
Knee flexors
95
In terms of movement, what do the medial thigh muscles do?
Thigh adductors
96
In terms of movement, what do the anterior leg muscles do?
Foot extensors (dorsiflexion)
97
In terms of movement, what do the posterior leg muscles do?
Foot flexors (plantarflexion)
98
In terms of movement, what do the lateral leg muscles do?
Foot everters
