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MIDTERMS COVERAGE > LOWER RESPI > Flashcards

LOWER RESPI Flashcards

1
Q

An acute inflammation of the mucous membranes of the trachea and the bronchial tree

A

Acute Tracheobronchitis

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2
Q

Host of Acute Tracheobronchitis

A

History of URTI, specifically of viral etiology

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3
Q

Agent of Acute Tracheobronchitis

A

S.pneumoniae
Haemophilus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Aspergillus (fungus)

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4
Q

Environmental factors of Acute Tracheobronchitis

A

-Inhalation of physical and chemical irritants
-Inhalation of gases or other air contaminants

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5
Q

Acute Trancheobronchitis Clinical Manifestations (Early)

A

-Dry, irritating cough with scan mucoid sputum (initial sign)
-Sternal soreness
-Fever or chills
-Night sweats
-Headache
-Generalized malaise

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6
Q

Acute Trancheobronchitis Clinical Manifestations (Late)

A

-SOB
-Stridor and Wheeze
-Purulent sputum
-Blood streaked sputum in severe cases

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7
Q

Acute Tracheobronchitis Medical Management

A

-Antibiotic treatment, as ordered
-Analgesic, as ordered
-Suctioning, as ordered
-Bronchoscopy

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8
Q

Nursing Management of Acute Tracheobronchitis

A

-Encourage oral fluid intake
-Encourage coughing exercise
-Emphasize to complete full course of antibiotics
-Steam inhalation
-Apply moist heat to chest to relieve soreness and pain
-Advise to rest in in between activities

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9
Q

Is the inflammation of the lung parenchyma

A

Pneumonia

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10
Q

Classification of Pneumonia

A

-Community Acquired Pneumonia
-Health care-Associated Pnemunonia
-Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
-Ventilator Associated Pneumonia

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11
Q

Most common cause of Community Acquired Pneumonia

A

S. Pneumoniae

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12
Q

Causative agent of CAP

A

-S.pneumoniae
-Gram-positive
-Haemophilus influenzae
-Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-Viruses

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13
Q

Mode of Transmission of CAP

A

Droplet Spread

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14
Q

Transmission precaution of CAP

A

-Droplet precaution
-Cough etiquette

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15
Q

Risk Factors of CAP

A

-Immunosupression
-Smoking
-Prolong immobility and shallow breathing pattern
-Depressed cough reflex
-Aspiration
-NPO
-Presence of NGT, OGT, or ETT
-Supine positioning in patient unable to protect airway
-Antibiotic Therapy
-Alcohol intoxication-supresses reflexes
-Advanced age
-Respiratory therapy with improperly cleaned equipment

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16
Q

Patchy areas of consolidation and more common form of pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia

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17
Q

Entire lobe (1 or more is consolidated)

A

Lobar Pneumonia

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18
Q

Classification of Pneumonia that occurs at community level or within 48 hours after admission

A

Community- Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

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19
Q

Classification of Pneumonia that occurs in non-hospitalized patients with extensive health care contact

A

Health care-Associated Pneumonia (HCAP)

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20
Q

Classification of Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after hospital admission

A

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

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21
Q

Classification of Pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after intubation

A

Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia (VAP)

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22
Q

May cause CAP in immunocompromised adults

A

-Cytomegalovirus (most common)
-Herpes simplex virus
-Adenovirus
-Respiratory syncytial virus

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23
Q

Clinical Manifestation of CAP

A

-Sudden onset of chills
-Rapidly rising fever (38.5C to 40.5C)
-Pleuritic chest pain
-Tachypnea (RR=25 to 45 cpm)
-Shortness of breath
-Use of accessory muscles
-Cough
-Sputum Production
-Orthopnea
-Poor appetite
-Crackles

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24
Q

Shortness of breath when reclining or supine

A

Orthopnea

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25
Q

Manifestations of CAP where vocal vibrations detected on palpation

A

Tactile fremitus

26
Q

Manifestations of CAP where spoken “E” sound becomes a loud, nasal-sounding “A” upon auscultation

A

Egophony

27
Q

Manifestations of CAP where whispered sounds are easily auscultated through the chest wall

A

Whispered pectoriloquy

28
Q

Diagnostic of CAP

A

-CXR
-CBC= +leukocytosis

29
Q

Reveals areas of consolidation/infiltration

A

CXR

30
Q

Required vaccine for CAP prevention

A

Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV 13)

31
Q

Recommended for all older adult aged 65 years and up, as well as adults 19 years or older with conditions that weaken the immune system

A

PCV 13

32
Q

Medical Management of CAP

A

Antibiotic therapy as determined by C&S result

33
Q

Clinical features of S.pneumoniae

A

Abrupt onset, toxic appearance, pleuritic chest pain, usually involves 1 or more lobes

34
Q

Clinical features of haemophilus influenzae

A

Insidious onset associated with URTI 2-6 weeks before onset of symptoms, usually involves greater than 1 lobes

35
Q

Clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

-Insidious onset
-sore throat
-nasal congestion
-ear pain, headache
-low- grade fever
-pleuritic pain
-myalgias
-diarrhea
-erythematous rash
-pharyngitis
-interstitial infiltrates on CXR

36
Q

Medical Management of CAP

A

-Hydration
-Antipyretics
-Warm, moist inhalation
-Supplemental oxygen, as ordered if with hypoxemia
-For viral pneumonia, same management, except for antibiotics

37
Q

Nursing Management of CAP

A

-Encourage increased oral fluid intake (2-3L/day), unless contraindicated
-Facilitate chest physiotherapy, as ordered
-Instruct patient to assume a comfortable position to promote rest and breathing (Semi Fowler’s)
-Instruct to avoid overexertion
-Advise small, frequent meals
-Encourage intake of fluids with electrolytes (Gatorade, Pocari Sweat)

38
Q

Is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma

A

Tuberculosis

39
Q

Causative Agent of PTB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

40
Q

Mycobacterium TB is:

A

-Acid- Fast aerobic rod
-Sensitive to heat and UV light

41
Q

PTB mode of transmission

A

Airborne

42
Q

Precaution of PTB

A

Airbone Precautions

43
Q

4 cardinal signs of PTB

A

-Cough
-Unexplained fever
-Unexplained weight loss
-Night sweats

44
Q

Other manifestations of PTB

A

-Sputum Production
-Hemoptysis

45
Q

Diagnostics for PTB

A

-CXR-PA view
-Sputum GenXpert
-Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM)
-Mantoux Test

46
Q

Screening test for all presumptive cases

A

CXR- PA view

47
Q

Primary diagnostic test for PTB

A

Sputum GenXpert

48
Q

Serve as alternative dx tool IF Xpert is not available

A

Direct Sputum Smear Microscopy (DSSM)

49
Q

Shall only serve as adjuvant when there is doubt in making clinical diagnosis in children

A

Mantoux Test

50
Q

4 cardinal signs of PTB

A

-Cough
-Unexplained fever
-Unexplained weight loss
-Night sweats

51
Q

How many ml for sputum collection of GenXpert

A

1 ml

52
Q

Sputum collection for DSSM is

A

3-5 ml, 2 specimens 1 hour apart or early morning specimen on the next day

53
Q

Notation T interpretation

A

MTBI detected, RR not detected

54
Q

Notation RR interpretation

A

MTB detected, RR detected

55
Q

Notation TI interpretation

A

MTB detected, RR indeterminate

56
Q

Notation N interpretation

A

Normal/ MTB not detected

57
Q

Notation I interpretation

A

Invalid/ no result/ error

58
Q

What are the Anti-TB medications?

A

RIPE

Rifampicin (R)
Isoniazid (H)
Pyrazinamide (Z)
Ethambutol (E)

59
Q

Regimen 1 Intensive is

A

2 months (HRZE)

60
Q

Regimen 1 Maintenance is

A

4 months (HR)

61
Q

Regimen 2 Intensive is

A

2 months (HRZE)

62
Q

Regimen 2 Maintenance is

A

10 months (HR)

MIDTERMS COVERAGE (7 decks)

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