Lower Urinary Tract Carcinoma

Question 1

What is urothelial carcinoma?

Answer 1

malignant tumor arising from the urothelial lining of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and urethra

Question 2

What is the MC type of lower urinary tract cancer?

Answer 2

Urothelial carcinoma

Usually arises in the bladder

Question 3

What are the risk factors of urothelial carcinoma?

Answer 3

CIgarette smoking (MAJOR)

naphthylamine

azo dyes

long-term cyclophosphamide or phenacetin use

Question 4

What population often presents with urothelial carcinoma?

Answer 4

Older adults

Question 5

Clinical presentation of urothelial carcinoma

Answer 5

painless hematuria

Question 6

What are the two pathways in which urothelial carcinoma may arise?

Answer 6

Flat: develops as a high-grade flat tumor and then invades; associated with early p53 mutations

Papillary: develops as a low-grade papillary tumor that progresses to a high-grade tumor and then invades; not associated with early p53 mutations

Question 7

Where does squamous cell carcinoma MC arise in the lower urinary tract?

Answer 7

Bladder

Arises in a background of metaplasia

Question 8

What are the risk factors of squamous cell carcinoma in the lower urinary tract?

Answer 8

• Chronic cystitis
• Schistosoma hematobium infection
• long-standing nephrolithiasis

Question 9

Where does adenocarcinoma oftne arise in the lower urinary tract?

Answer 9

Malignant proliferation of the glands that usually involves the bladder

Question 10

What structure within the bladder does adenocarcinoma usually arise from?

Answer 10

Urachal remnant