Lumps & Poisoning of Farm Animals Flashcards by Kayla Stauffer

what are the differences in neoplasia with SA/equine and farm animals

Farm animals don’t live long enough to develop ‘old age’ neoplasia

Juvenile neoplasia observed

Diagnostics beyond US scan and FNA biopsy performed (no staging)

Chemo/radio never an option (surgical excision considered)

Cattle —> notifiable neoplasia

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what are the ddx to lumps

Tumour

Seroma

Hematoma

Abscess

Lymph node

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how do you US scan lumps

Rectal probe on early/late preg setting

Clip hair

Apply warm water/spirit + US gel

Moderate pressure with probe

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what appears hypoechoic on US

black

fluid (seroma/hematoma)

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what appears hyperechoic on US

White (hyperechoic) = mass

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what has mixed echogenicity

Black/white (mixed echogenicity) = abscess/organizing seroma or hematoma

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how do you FNA a lump

Clip + scrub

At least 18g (pink) needle, might need thicker

Feel consistency as insert needle

Might need to apply pressure with syringe

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what does blood, clear fluid and pus mean from an FNA

Blood = hematoma

Clear fluid = seroma

Pus = abscess

Nothing = thick pus, tumour, LN or something else

Prepare slide for cytology if needed

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how do you treat a tumour

Report to APHA?

Leave or surgical resection (margins, space, ££)

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how do you treat a seroma

leave

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how do you treat a hematoma

leave

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how do you treat an abscess

lance (think about where)

flush (Water +/- disinfectant for approx 3 days)

aim to keep open

+/- antibiotics

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how do you treat a lymph node lump

Cause?

Treat primary lesion

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what are the ddx for ill thrift adult cow

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what are ddx for lumps in cows

sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL)
enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)
squamous cell carcinoma
papilloma
granulosa cell tumour
cutaneous actinobacilosis
OPA sheep
melanomas
GIT carcinomas
lymposarcoma sheep
cutaneous lymphoma
bladder tumours: bracken induced, hematuria

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what age does sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) occur in

youngish animals <4 years

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what are the 3 forms of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL)

cutaneous
thymic
mutlicentric (lymphosarcoma) aka juvenile

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what is the thymic form of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) cause

space occupying lesion (SOL) effects

jugular occluded

RR increased

bloat

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what does the multicentric form of sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) cause

Multiple lymph nodes (LN) enlarged

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how is sporadic bovine leukosis (SBL) treated

no treatment

poor prognosis

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is enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) notifiable

yes

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what are the causes of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

Bovine leukemia virus = oncogenic retrovirus

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at what age is enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) infectious

Signs in adult animals (>2 years, generally >4)

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what are the signs of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

Mostly sub-clinical:

0.1-10% develop tumours

30-70% lymphocytosis

Clinical signs:

Variable and multiple depending on where tumour is

Weight loss

Milk drop

Lymphadenopathy

Neurological signs

Often subclinical

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what are the clinical signs of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

Variable and multiple depending on where tumour is Weight loss Milk drop Lymphadenopathy Neurological signs Often subclinical

what is the transmission of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

horizontal

what is the age of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) infected on average

\>4 years

what type of cattle does enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) infect

dairy

what is the clinical appearance of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

multicentric

what is the incidence of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)

multiple

what is the etiology of sporadic bovine leukosis

unknown

what is the transmission of sporadic bovine leukosis

unknown

what is the age of sporadic bovine leukosis infected

\<4 years

what type of cattle does sporadic bovine leukosis infect

dairy and beef

what is the clinical appearance of sporadic bovine leukosis

multicentric thymic skin

what is the incidence of sporadic bovine leukosis

single

what are the causes of squamous cell carcinomas

UV light ## Footnote Non-pigmented, white faced (Hereford, etc), older, genetic also

what are the types of squamous cell carcinomas

ocular and peri ocular

how does a squamous cell carcinoma form

Plaque —\> keratoma —\> papilloma —\> carcinoma

is squamous cell carcinoma bilateral or unilateral usually

bilateral

do squamous cell carcinomas cause secondary effects

yes

do squamous cell carcinomas spread

+/- mets ot LN and lungs

how are squamous cell carcniomas treated

local and excise or enucleation or cyrotherapy

what is the signalment of papillomas

young animals very common

what is the cause of papillomas

Bovine papilloma virus

how are papillomas treated

Simple local/scalpel removal vs surgical removal vs leave alone

what is shown here

papilloma

what is shown here

papilloma

how do granulosa cell tumours present

as not detected in estrus (NDO) or nymphomania

what is the appearance of granulosa cell tumours on US

thick walled honey comb ovary

what is the main ddx of granulosa cell tumours

ovarian cyst

how are granulosa cell tumours treated

surgical ovariectomy but bleeding? return to estrus cull

what is shown here

granulosa cell tumours

is cutaneous actinobacilosis neoplasia

what is cutaneous actinobacilosis also known as

wooden tongue

what are the ddx of cutaneous actinobacilosis

cutaneous lymphoma (SBL) cutaneous TB (rare)

what is shown

cutaneous actinobacillosis

what is OPA

ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma contagious lung cancer of sheep

what is the cause of OPA

jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

what is shown here

opa lungs in sheep

what lump is this

melanoma

what is shown here

carcinoma of GIT

what is shown here

lymposarcoma sheep (not SBL, EBL)

what is shown here

cutaneous lymphoma

what questions should you ask when deciding on treatment of lumps (4)

1. what is the animal worth 2. how much will it cost to remove/manage 3. what is long term prognosis 4. is welfare compromised

what are the difficulties when trying to investigate a poisoning

many to consider hard to prove on ddx for many syndromes rule out infections, nutritional, husbandry issues first unless obvious poisoning in history

what are the poisoning treatment principles (8)

1. remove from source 2. often alternative feeding 3. rumenotomy if acute and material still in rumen 4. no specific meds (fluids, NSAID, charcoal) 5. sedation if severe neuro signs (seizures) 6. antidote if availble 7. nursing 8. old wives tales?

what are other considerations to make in a poisoning (4)

1. could this be insurance (escape) 2. could this be litigation (feed company) 3. malicious? 4. human health/food safety (lead)

what does yew cause

sudden death cardiotoxic occassionaly see alive (pain, dyspnea, muscle tremors)

how is yew diagnosed

PM leaves in esophagus/rumen

what plant is this

yew

what is rhododenron toxic to

sheep

what are the clinical signs of rhododendron poisoning

GIT teeth grinding salivation abdominal pain vomiting

how is rhododendron poisoning treated

supportive nsaid broad spectrum antibiotics (aspiration pneumonia)

what plant is this

rhododenron

what is ragwort toxic to

horses

what are the signs of ragwort poisoning

hepatotoxic: jaundice, edema neurotoxic: apparent blid, hepatic encephalopathy GIT — abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, ascites

how is ragwort diagnosed

liver enzymes and history

what plant causes photosensitization

st johns wort type 1

what plant is this

ragwort

what plant is this

st johns wart

how does lead poisoning occur

young animal breaks out dumped batteries, lead paint etc

what are the clinical signs of lead poisoning

Muscle fasciculation Staggering Apparent blindness GIT — frothing at mouth, colic, teeth, grinding, rumen stasis

how is lead poisoning treated

Supportive Sedate Calcium disodium edetate

how is lead poisoning diagnosed

Heparin blood \>1.4 umol/l

what are the causes of copper poisoning

Over supplementation, wrong feeding Cattle \< sheep

what does copper poisoning cause

acute intravascular hemolytic crisis

what are the clinical signs of copper poisoning

Acute — death Chronic — sick, jaundiced, anemia, hemoglobinuria

how is copper poisoning diagnosed

liver biopsy cu blood pm

Lumps & Poisoning of Farm Animals Flashcards

(89 cards)