Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Module 17 > Recognition & Analysis of Body Fluids > Flashcards

Recognition & Analysis of Body Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 body cavity effusions

A
  1. peritoneum (abdomen)
  2. pleura (thorax)
  3. pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the two forces that balance

A

Oncotic pressure

Hydrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is oncotic pressure

A

Oncotic pressure: form of osmotic pressure that is caused by proteins (mostly albumin) in a blood vessel’s plasma (blood/liquid) that causes water molecules to flow into the circulatory systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure: opposing effect with pushes water and small molecules out of the blood into the interstitial spaces within the arterial end of capillaries and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what would you use EDTA tube for

A

prevents clotting of the sample, which can affect cell counts

helps preserve cell morphology during transport to the lab

submit unstained slides as well for best cell morphology preservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what would you use plain tube for

A

culture

biochemical

or PCR testing

if indicated (EDTA bacteriostatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how do you process the sample and fluid analysis (4)

A
  1. protein concentration
  2. nucleated cell count: measured with automated analyzer, microscopic counting chamber
  3. colour turbidity
  4. cytological analysis (direct smear, sediment)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 3 types of body cavity effusions

A
  1. transudate
  2. modified transudate
  3. exudate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does a transudate effusion result from (2)

A
  1. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  2. increased hydrostatic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what would cause decreased plasma oncotic pressure that results from a transudate

A

severe hypoalbuminemia

  • decreased production (hepatic insufficiency)
  • loss (portein-losing nephropathy or enteropathy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what would cause increased hydrostatic pressure that results from a transudate (2)

A
  1. myocardial insufficiency
  2. portal hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the appearance of a transudate

A

grossly range from colourless to straw coloured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the cell count of a transudate

A

<1.5 x 10^9 cells/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the protein content of a transudate

A

<25 g/L

values towards the lower end suggest hypoalbuminemia

values at high end may be seen with CHF, portal hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what other cells would you expect to see in a transudate (3)

A
  1. macrophages
  2. mesothelial cells
  3. rare non-degenerate neutrophils

exception is horse –> may have up to 10 cells x 10^9/L with up to 75-80% non-degenerate neutrophils and still be considered a transudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does an exudate form

A

Increased capillary permeability

Mediators which increase the vascular permeability —> allow cells to transit out of the blood and into the tissues or body cavity

Fluid and proteins also leak out of the spaces

Chemotaxis of leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the protein content of an exudate

A

>25 g/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the cell count of an exudate

A

>5 x 10^9 cells/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what could cause an exudate (4)

A
  1. pancreatitis
  2. bacterial infections
  3. bowel perforation
  4. irritants (bile, urine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a septic exudate

A

microorganisms are present, especially intracellular organisms

just because you don’t see bacteria doesn’t mean they are not there –> when in doubt culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what would the neutrophils look like in a septic exudate

A

neutrophils may be non-degenerate or degenerate depending on type of infectious agent present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is shown here

A

degenerate neutrophils with intracytoplasmic rods

nuclei are puffy, and starting to break apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

compare a transudate and exudate protein and cell count

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a modified transudate

A

a catch all category

nucleated cell count or protein concentration is increased but doesn’t fit with exudate range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
how do modified transudates form
accumulation of transudative fluid causes increased pressure that irritates mesothelial cells mesothelial cells respond by proliferating and sloughing into the effusion when they die they draw macrophages
26
what can mesoethial cells resemble
reactive mesothelial cells can resemble neoplastic cells
27
what cell is shown here
reactive mesothelial cell
28
what are special body cavity effusions (6)
1. chylous effusions 2. FIP effusions ('wet form') 3. neoplastic effusions 4. hemorrhagic effusions 5. urinary tract rupture 6. bile peritonitis
29
how does a chylous effusion form
formed by leakage of chyle from the lymphatic system into the body cavity (usually thorax)
30
what does a chylous effusion look like
chylomicrons give a "milk" appearance or a strawberry milkshake appearance if RBCs are present if the animal is anorexic, chylomicrons will be not present, and they will not give a whitish appearance to the effusion
31
what are the causes of chylous effusions (5)
1. idiopathic (~70% of feline chylothorax cases), 2. thoracic neoplasia 3. cardiac disease 4. diaphragmatic hernia 5. thoracic duct rupture (rare)
32
what cells are present in a chylous effusion
small mature lymphocytes should predominate neutrophils and macrophages may accumulate with time due ot irritating properties of effusion
33
what additional test could you do to determine a chylous effusion
triglycerides effusions \> serum (may not be noted if the animal has been anorexic)
34
what cells are shown here and what type of fluid with this be
lymphocytes are small round purple cells pinocytosis of chylomicrons
35
what is the appearance of an FIP effusion
odorless, straw colored to gold
36
what is the protein content of FIP effusion
high protein (\>35 g/L)
37
what is the cell count of FIP effusion
variable often low, cell counts (neutrophils usually predominate)
38
what additional tests would you do to determine a FIP effusion (3)
1. FCoV antibody titre 2. alpha 1-AGP and A:G ratio 3. PCR
39
what cells are shown here
granular protein precipitate non degenerate neutrophils (dark purple)
40
what causes neoplastic effusions
neoplasms commonly cause effusions but tumour cells may or may not exfoliate
41
what cells are shown here
neoplastic effusions
42
what is shown here
erythrophagocytosis macrophages phagocytozed RBCs
43
what is a uroperitoneum
urine acts as an irritant and causes inflammation
44
what type of effusion would a urinary tract rupture be
type of effusion may vary depending on the dilution caused by leakage urine (transudate, modified transudate, or exudate) urine crystals may be present
45
what additional tests could you perform for a urinary tract rupture
creatinine effusion \> serum urea will more rapidly equilibrate between the peritoneum and the vascular space and may not be different from serum
46
what is shown here
urine crystals in an effusions
47
what is shown here
bile peritonitis bilirubin levels will be higher in fluid when compared to serum
48
what are the confirmatory tests to determine a chylous effusions
triglyceride fluid \> serum
49
what are the confirmatory tests to determine a non-septic exudate of FIP effusions
FCoV antibodies A:G ratio a1-AGP PCR
50
what are the confirmatory tests to determine a neutrophilic inflammation effusions
bacterial culture
51
what are the confirmatory tests to determine a urinary tract rupture
creatinine fluid \> serum
52
what are the confirmatory tests to determine a bile peritonitis
bilirubin fluid \> serum
53
what is a cerebrospinal fluid test useful in (3)
1. neurological disease 2. neck or limb pain 3. fever of unknown origin
54
how do you process CSF
requires prompt analysis total protein & nucleated cell count (low in healthy animals) plain serum tube
55
how do you count the cells of CSF
use hemocytometer numbers often too low for automated analyser
56
what cells are shown here
CSF red cell on left white cells on right
57
what stain would you use on CSF
romanowsky stain
58
what cells are shown here
CSF meningeal cells
59
what cells are shown
neutrophils larege mononuclear cells/macrophages in CSF
60
what cells are shown here
CSF with yeast with narrow based budding --\> cryptococcus sp neutrophils
61
why would you sample the synovial fluid (7)
1. joint swelling 2. limping 3. monoarthropathy 4. polyarthropathy 5. fever of unknown origin 6. generalized pain 7. weakness
62
what is the gross analysis of synovial fluid (3)
1. normally transparent to colourless 2. note any turbidity 3. blood (iatrogenic or hemorrhage)
63
what should the viscosity of synovial fluid be
normal synovial fluid can produce long strands (2cm) when slowly expressed from a needle or touched with an applicator
64
how do you process synovial fluid
small volume (one drop) make a smear allows cytological evaluation and estimated NCC larger volume allows NCC proteins and cytology
65
what would the cell count in synovial fluid be in dogs and cats
dogs \<3000 cells/ul \<1000 cells/ul in cats
66
what tube would you put synovial fluid in for cytology and protein
EDTA
67
what tube would you put synovial fluid in for bacteria
plain
68
what is shown here
windrowing in synovial fluid
69
what is shown here in the synovial fluid
intracellular cocci

Module 17 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions