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Anatomy > Lungs > Flashcards

Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Trachea begins at

A

C6, at the end of cricoid cartilage

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2
Q

Trachea ends at

A

the sternal angle

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3
Q

Trachea sits in front of

A

the esophagus, otherwise it is the most posterior

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4
Q

Right Primary Bronchus

A

wider, shorter, and more vertical than left

Azygous vein arches over it into SC

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5
Q

Left Primary Bronchus

A

Passes inferolaterally, inferior to aortic artch

Anterior to esophagus and descending aorta

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6
Q

What are you more likely to get something stuck in?

A

Right Primary Bronchus

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7
Q

Carina

A

keel-like ridge between orifices of primary bronchi

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8
Q

Apex of lungs comes to

A

thoracic inlet - near neck - cervical surface of lung

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9
Q

Primary fissure

A

Also called Oblique fissure

in both lungs, divides superior and inferior lobes

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10
Q

Secondary fissure

A

Also called transverse/Horizontal fissure
Found in right lung only
divides upper and middle lobes

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11
Q

Right lung

A

3 lobes, upper, middle, and lower

Oblique and Horizontal fissures

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12
Q

Left lung

A

2 lobes, upper and lower

Oblique fissure only

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13
Q

Lingula

A

projection of upper lobe in left lung

right above it sits the heart in the cardiac notch

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14
Q

Cervical surface

A

Apex of lung

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15
Q

Costal surface

A

faces ribs

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16
Q

Mediastinal surface

A

Side with vessels

faces midline organs

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17
Q

Diaphragmatic surface

A

base, sits on diaphragm

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18
Q

Anterior border

A

fine edge on outside

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19
Q

Posterior border

A

rounded ridge near vertebral column

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20
Q

Inferior border

A

edge around diaphragm surface

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21
Q

Roots of lungs

A

structures that go into hilum

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22
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

formed by reflection of parietal pleura as it becomes visceral pleura
Surrounds structures of root in lungs

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23
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

come from heart, thicker, usually more superior than veins

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24
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

thinner than arteries

return blood to heart

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25
Q

Bronchus

A

thick tube that carries air

made of cartilage

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26
Q

Bronchia arteries and veins

A

come off aorta and enter lungs through tiny openings in bronchus cartilage
Oxygenated arteries - right bronchial artery has one that branches inside
left bronchial artery splits into two (superior and inferior) before entering bronchus

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27
Q

Nerves

A

afferent, stretch and irritant receptors

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28
Q

Hilum of lung

A

depression or pit at the part of the organ where vessels and nerves enter

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29
Q

Secondary (Lobar Bronchus)

A

3 branches right - Superior, Middle, Inferior

2 branches left - Superior and Inferior

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30
Q

Segmental Bronchi

A

specific Bronchopulmonary segment - separated by avascular septa (wall incase of disease) and each have own artery, bronchus, and vein
10 in right lung and 8 in left
Each can be surgically removed with out affecting function of other segments

31
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

most distal segment - divide to form respiratory bronchioles that contain alveoli

32
Q

Serous fluid

A

pleural fluid, reduces friction between pleural layers

33
Q

Visceral pleura

A

inner layer of membrane, shiny

remains closely attached to the lung and can’t be separated

34
Q

Parietal pleura

A

outer layer of membrane

lines wall on thoracic body wall - does not move

35
Q

endothoracic fascia

A

attaches Parietal pleura to thoracic wall

36
Q

Cervical pleura

A

emerges through thoracic inlet

37
Q

costal pleura

A

in contact with ribs

38
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

in contact with mediastinal structures

39
Q

diaphragmatic pleura

A

in contact with domes of diaphragm

40
Q

Pleural cavity

A

space between two pleural membranes

lung fills up entire space

41
Q

Pleural reflections

A

becomes visceral on lungs
specific pleural surface that becomes another pleural surface
form recesses that are potential spaces, within pleural cavity, which can fill with fluid

42
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess

A

between lung and diaphragm
sharp edge
normally don’t see unless fluid filled

43
Q

Pulmonary Plexus

A

Nerve innervation to lungs
anterior and posterior plexi, related to carnia
heavy intervation by both sympathetics and parasympathetics

44
Q

Sympathetics

A

vasoconstrictors and bronchodilators

45
Q

Parasympathetics

A

Vagus nerve - causes bronchials to constrict

Vasodilators, bronchoconstrictors, secretomotor, and afferents

46
Q

Cough reflex

A

located around carina - irritant receptor

47
Q

Respiratory control

A

stretch receptors located in bronchial tree

48
Q

Touch and pain receptors are located in

A

respiratory epithelium

49
Q

Nerve innervation to costal and cervical pleura

A

local intercostal nerves

50
Q

Nerve innervation to mediastinal pleura

A

phrenic nerve

51
Q

Diaphragmatic pleura

A

central - phrenic nerve

Peripheral - local intercostal nerves

52
Q

Superficial lymphatic plexus

A

right underneath visceral pleura

drains lung and visceral pleura into superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes

53
Q

Deep lymphatic plexus

A

within lamina propria of bronchi
There are no lymph vessels in alveoli
Flow to pulmonary lymph nodes

54
Q

Pulmonary lymph nodes

A

located along large branches of main bronchi

Flow to bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

55
Q

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

A

Hilar nodes

Flow to superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes

56
Q

Superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes

A

Carinal nodes - connect two lungs - can spread lung cancer

Flow to bronchomediastinal lymph trunks

57
Q

Bronchomediastinal lymph nodes

A

formed by vessels from parasternal, tracheobronchial, and anterior mediastinal lymph nodes
Empty into Thoracic duct on left side and Right lymphatic duct on right side

58
Q

Respiratory primordium begins at

A

28 days

59
Q

Laryngotracheal groove

A

outgrowth from caudal end of ventral wall of the primordial pharynx, caudal to the 4th pair of pharyngeal puches

60
Q

Laryngotracheal diverticulum

A

forms at end of 4th week
ventral to caudal part of foregut
elongates and is invested with splanchnic mesenchyme
Formin end enlarges to form globular respiratory bud - trachea and bronchial buds

61
Q

Primordial laryngeal inlet

A

opening of laryngotracheal tube into pharynx

Maintains communication with laryngotracheal diverticulum and pharynx

62
Q

Tracheoesophageal folds

A

develop in the posteroinferior aspect of the laryngotracheal diverticulum
Approach each other and fuse to become the tracheoesophageal septum

63
Q

Tracheoesophageal septum

A

divides ventrally into the laryngotracheal tube and dorsally into the oropharynx and esophagus

64
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

would occur if tracheoesophageal septum didn’t fuse

65
Q

Laryngotracheal tube

A

distal end - tracheal portion

differentiates into trachea - respiratory bud

66
Q

Endodermal lining of laryngotracheal tube gives rise to

A

epithelium and glands of the trachea

67
Q

Overlying splanchnic mesenchyme (mesoderm) of the laryngotracheal tube becomes

A

cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles of trachea

68
Q

Primary bronchial buds

A

form as the tracheal bud continues to grow inferiorly - two outpouchings

69
Q

Bronchial buds grow in what direction

A

laterally into the mesenchyme surrounding the pleuroperitoneal canals

70
Q

Parietal pleura is formed from

A

Somatic mesoderm

71
Q

Pseudoglandular Period

A

6-16 weeks
resembles exocrine gland
forms all major elements of lung except those involved in gas exchange - no respiration, so fetus can’t survive

72
Q

Canalicular Period

A

16-26 weeks
Lumina of bronchi and terminal bronchioles become larger and lung tissue becomes highly vascular
Respiratory bronchioles (2 or more) form from each terminal bronchiole
Alveolar ducts (3 to 6) - tubular passages form
Terminal saccules (primordial alveoli) - ends of resp. bronchioles, well vascularized

73
Q

Terminal Sac Period

A

26 weeks - birth
Capillaries start to bulge into terminal sacs - allows for gas exchange
Develop blood-air barrier
Type I alveolar cells - pneumocytes, air exchange occurs
Type II alveolar cells - surfacant producing cells - facilitates expansion of terminal sacs

74
Q

Alveolar Period

A

32 weeks to 8 years
Development of alveoli - mostly complete by 3 but new alveoli may be added until 8 years
After birth primordial alveoli increase in size forming mature alveoli (can’t form additional primordial alveoli)

Anatomy (20 decks)

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