LWC6_Ch 6 Part 2 - Breakthrough to Nirvāṇa - The Pāli Tradition Flashcards by Chris Albert

What are the four stages of liberation in the Pāli tradition, in order?,”Stream-enterer (sotāpanna), once-returner (sakadāgāmi), nonreturner (anāgāmi), and arhat (arahant). “

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What is the function of the dhyānas and formless realm absorptions regarding the defilements?,”They are states of deep mental tranquility in which the defilements are temporarily suppressed but not eradicated. “

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What is the name for the level of concentration that is prior to attaining the first dhyāna?,”Access concentration (upacāra samādhi). “

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According to the Pāli commentaries, can a meditator attain arhatship based on access concentration alone, without entering the dhyānas?,”Yes, such a meditator can develop insight wisdom from access concentration and progress through all four stages to attain arhatship. “

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What is the Pāli term for an arhat who attains liberation without the deep concentration of the dhyānas?,”Sukkhavipassaka, or a ‘dry-insight arhat’. “

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What does the term ‘sukkhavipassaka’ (dry-insight) signify about the arhat’s mind?,”It signifies that their mind has not been ‘moistened’ and softened by the profound tranquility of the dhyānas. “

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Is it necessary to cultivate all four dhyānas to attain the destruction of pollutants?,”No, one can use the first dhyāna as the basis to attain the destruction of pollutants without cultivating any higher levels of concentration. “

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When describing his own path to awakening, which dhyāna did the Buddha say he used as a basis to realize the three higher knowledges?,”The fourth dhyāna. “

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What are the three higher knowledges (tevijjā) the Buddha realized after attaining the fourth dhyāna?,”1. Recollection of previous lives, 2. Knowledge of the death and rebirth of sentient beings, and 3. Knowledge of the destruction of all pollutants. “

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What is the Pāli term for access concentration?,”Upacāra samādhi. “

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How is the mind of the fourth dhyāna described in terms of its qualities?,”It is described as ‘purified, bright, unblemished, free from imperfections, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability.’ “

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Which tradition, also followed in Tibetan Buddhism, speaks of arhats similar to the ‘dry-insight’ type?,”The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma. “

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What is the minimum level of concentration required for a meditator to begin developing the insight wisdom that leads to liberation?,”Access concentration (upacāra samādhi). “

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Are the dhyānas a state of permanent or temporary suppression of the defilements?,”Temporary suppression. “

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What is the Sanskrit term for a stream-enterer?,”Srotāpanna. “

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What is the Sanskrit term for a once-returner?,”Sakṛdāgāmin. “

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What is the Sanskrit term for a nonreturner?,”Anāgāmin. “

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What is the Pāli term for a stream-enterer?,”Sotāpanna. “

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What is the Pāli term for a once-returner?,”Sakadāgāmi. “

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What is the Pāli term for a nonreturner?,”Anāgāmi. “

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What is the Pāli term for an arhat?,”Arahant. “

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To actualize the knowledge of the destruction of pollutants, what must meditators first cultivate?,”Insight wisdom (vipassanā paññā). “

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What are the three characteristics that serve as the primary objects for cultivating insight wisdom (vipassanā paññā)?,”Impermanence, duḥkha, and not-self. “

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What meditation practice is mentioned as a basis for refining mindfulness for insight?,”The four establishments of mindfulness. “

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When cultivating insight, to what do meditators direct their sharp, clear, and pliant mind?,"To the factors of their experience—the five aggregates, six sense sources, etc.—as they are occurring. "

How does the awareness of a highly trained meditative mind compare to ordinary awareness?,"It is far beyond what can be discerned with ordinary awareness, able to witness phenomena at a microscopic level. "

What is the realization of subtle impermanence?,"The direct witnessing of the factors of body and mind arising and passing away in the briefest moment. "

What is the direct experiential understanding of the mind when subtle impermanence is realized?,"The understanding that what is taken to be the 'mind' is actually a stream of events (feelings, discriminations, consciousnesses etc.) that cease as soon as they come into being. "

After realizing subtle impermanence, what is the subsequent realization regarding one's body and mind?,"The realization that whatever is impermanent cannot be relied upon for security and is not a basis for lasting happiness—the realization of duḥkha. "

How do the commentaries define the duḥkha that is realized through insight into impermanence?,"As 'oppression due to arising and passing away.' "

What is the third characteristic realized after impermanence and duḥkha?,"The realization that whatever arises and passes away and is made of constituents is not a solid, stable self (not I, not a true self). "

What is the function of insight wisdom that contemplates things in terms of the three characteristics?,"It serves to weaken the underlying tendencies of the defilements that have been with the mind since beginningless time. "

What kind of abandonment does insight wisdom bring about initially?,"'Specific-factor abandonment'—it temporarily overcomes a particular misunderstanding or wrong conception. "

When insight wisdom matures, what does the mind momentarily turn away from?,"All conditioned phenomena. "

What does the mind realize when it turns away from conditioned phenomena at the point of breakthrough?,"The unconditioned, ultimate peace that is not impermanent and unsatisfactory (i.e., nirvāṇa). "

When a practitioner has a clear realization of the unconditioned (nirvāṇa), what else do they gain?,"The true understanding of the four truths. "

At the stage of arhatship, what is the clear realization of the four truths called?,"'Knowledge of the destruction of the pollutants.' "

What type of abandonment occurs with the direct, clear realization of nirvāṇa?,"'Eradication abandonment,' where the defilements are permanently eradicated. "

Is the experience of the clear realization of nirvāṇa gradual or sudden?,"It is described as a sudden experience, as meditators see what they have never before seen. "

What is the experience of the first clear realization of nirvāṇa described as?,"A total transformation of consciousness. "

While the realization itself is sudden, what is the general path that leads to it?,"The gradual practice of the three higher trainings (ethics, concentration, wisdom). "

The sūtras tell of people attaining the path by just hearing a discourse. What do the texts say this indicates?,"That they undoubtedly cultivated the three higher trainings in previous lives. "

According to Pāli commentaries, when the third noble truth (nirvāṇa) is realized as an object, how are the other three truths realized?,"Simultaneously, by way of their function. "

How does the realization of nirvāṇa lead to understanding the first noble truth (duḥkha)?,"Through realizing nirvāṇa, one fully understands the five aggregates and six sources as the truth of duḥkha. "

How does the realization of nirvāṇa lead to understanding the second noble truth (origin)?,"Through realizing nirvāṇa, one abandons some defilements that are the cause of duḥkha. "

How does the realization of nirvāṇa lead to understanding the fourth noble truth (path)?,"Through direct experience, one knows that cultivating the eightfold path is the way to the cessation of duḥkha. "

What is the Pāli term for insight wisdom?,"Vipassanā paññā. "

The mind of which dhyāna is described as 'malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability'?,"The fourth dhyāna. "

Can insight wisdom arise without having previously attained dhyāna?,"Yes, one who follows the vehicle of pure insight can attain it without dhyāna. "

Are the arya paths and fruits the result of concentration alone?,"No, they are the outcome of insight and the cultivation of wisdom. "

What is the process of seeing that what is called a 'person' is just a collection of interdependent mental and physical factors?,"The cultivation of wisdom by discerning the characteristics, functions, manifestations, and proximate causes of the five aggregates. "

The 'vehicle of serenity' refers to a practitioner who cultivates insight based on what foundation?,"Based on having first attained access concentration, the dhyānas, or the formless absorptions. "

The 'vehicle of pure insight' refers to a practitioner who develops what kind of concentration?,"'Momentary concentration' (khaṇika samādhi), which is developed by observing the ever-changing physical and mental events with mindfulness. "

How does the strength of 'momentary concentration' compare to other forms of concentration?,"It is considered comparable in strength to access concentration. "

A meditator who emerges from a dhyāna to see its factors in terms of the five aggregates is following which vehicle?,"The vehicle of serenity. "

A meditator who directly observes their own mental and physical processes with mindfulness without specially cultivating dhyāna is following which vehicle?,"The vehicle of pure insight. "

The insight of a practitioner on the pure insight vehicle is described as 'dry' because it is not moistened by what?,"The calm of the dhyānas. "

What is the Pāli term for the 'three higher knowledges'?,"Tevijjā. "

What is the name of the first of the three higher knowledges?,"Recollection of previous lives (pubbenivāsānussati-ñāṇa). "

What is the name of the second of the three higher knowledges?,"Knowledge of the death and rebirth of beings (cutūpapāta-ñāṇa), also known as the 'divine eye'. "

What is the name of the third and most important of the three higher knowledges?,"Knowledge of the destruction of the pollutants (āsavakkhaya-ñāṇa). "

What is the relationship between the five aggregates and true duḥkha?,"True duḥkha is to be fully understood, and it is in essence the five aggregates. "

What is 'specific-factor abandonment'?,"The temporary overcoming of a particular misunderstanding, which is the result of mundane insight wisdom. "

What is 'eradication abandonment'?,"The permanent uprooting of defilements, which is the result of the supramundane path's direct realization of nirvāṇa. "

What is the Pāli for 'direct knowledge'?,"Abhiññā. "

What is the Pāli for 'full understanding'?,"Pariññā. "

What is the Pāli for 'realization' or 'witnessing'?,"Sacchi-kiriyā. "

What are the two types of characteristics that 'direct knowledge' (abhiññā) knows?,"The specific or unique characteristics of an object, and its general or common characteristics (impermanence, duḥkha, not-self). "

Which of the four truths is 'to be fully understood' (pariññā)?,"The first truth, true duḥkha. "

Which of the four truths is 'to be abandoned'?,"The second truth, true origin. "

Which of the four truths is 'to be realized' (sacchi-kiriyā)?,"The third truth, true cessation. "

Which of the four truths is 'to be cultivated'?,"The fourth truth, true path. "

Is 'full understanding' (pariññā) achieved partially or only at the culmination of the path?,"The process of understanding begins as an ordinary being, progresses through the lower ārya stages, and culminates in 'full understanding' at arhatship. "

How is 'realization' (sacchi-kiriyā) different from 'understanding' (pariññā)?,"Understanding is developed gradually, while realization is seeing in a markedly different way than before—witnessing what has not been previously seen (i.e., nirvāṇa). "

Who possesses the 'full understanding' of an arhat?,"Only arhats. Learners (stream-enterers, etc.) have a developing but incomplete understanding. "

What is the object of 'realization' (sacchi-kiriyā)?,"Nirvāṇa (nibbāna) is the object of realization. "

At the first moment of breakthrough to the supramundane path, is the realization of nirvāṇa partial or complete?,"It is partial. The quality of that realization increases as one progresses through the stages to arhatship. "

When insight focuses on the body, feelings, and mind, what meditation framework is being used?,"The Four Establishments of Mindfulness (Satipaṭṭhāna). "

What is the key insight when contemplating the five aggregates at a microscopic level?,"That they are a stream of discrete events arising and ceasing moment by moment, not a solid, continuous entity. "

Why does the realization of impermanence (anicca) necessarily lead to the realization of duḥkha?,"Because whatever is unstable and constantly perishing cannot be a source of lasting security or happiness. "

Why do the realizations of impermanence and duḥkha necessarily lead to the realization of not-self (anattā)?,"Because a true self would have to be permanent, stable, and a reliable basis for happiness, which conditioned phenomena are proven not to be. "

When the mind perceives only nirvāṇa, are mental factors like equanimity and love (which relate to sentient beings) manifest?,"No, when nirvāṇa is the object of the meditator's mind, only nirvāṇa is perceived. "

What are the 'four pairs' of āryas (noble ones)?,"The four pairs refer to the four types of āryas—stream-enterer, once-returner, non-returner, arhat—each having two phases: the path (practicing to attain the fruit) and the fruition (having attained it). "

What is the Pāli term for the 'path' phase of an ārya?,"Magga. "

What is the Pāli term for the 'fruition' phase of an ārya?,"Phala. "

What are the 'approachers' and 'abiders' in the Sanskrit tradition equivalent to in the Pāli tradition?,"They are equivalent to the 'path' (magga) and 'fruition' (phala) phases. "

According to the Buddha in AN 8.59, the 'eight persons' worthy of gifts are the unsurpassed field of merit for the world. Who are they?,"They are the four āryas on the path to their respective fruit and the four āryas who have attained their respective fruit. "

How are the eight types of āryas differentiated?,"Based on the strength of their faculties, the defilements they have eradicated, and the number/type of remaining rebirths. "

What is 'liberation of mind' (cetovimutti) generally the result of?,"Serenity (samatha) practice. "

What is 'liberation by wisdom' (paññāvimutti) generally the result of?,"Insight (vipassanā) practice. "

When 'liberation of mind' and 'liberation by wisdom' are described as 'unpolluted' and conjoined, what do they signify?,"They signify the result of the eradication of pollutants by an arhat's supramundane path. "

What is a virtuous ordinary person who aspires for stream-entry called in Pāli?,"A kalyāṇaputhujjana. "

What are the four factors important for actualizing the aspiration for stream-entry?,"1. Associating with superior persons; 2. Hearing the true Dharma; 3. Appropriate and wise attention; 4. Practicing in accord with the Dharma. "

What does 'associating with superior persons' entail?,"Being near a qualified teacher and Dharma friends who are intent on liberation. "

Why is 'hearing the true Dharma' essential before practice?,"To know what the path is, what the potential detours are, and how to navigate them. "

What does 'appropriate and wise attention' (yoniso manasikāra) enable one to do?,"To focus on what is important in a way that helps one to see the three characteristics. "

When does a practitioner enter the path to stream-enterer?,"When, after diligent practice of insight, their wisdom faculty becomes strong enough to break through mundane reality. "

What mistaken view is forever uprooted at the breakthrough to stream-entry?,"Any idea of a substantial self; any mistaken view of self. "

At the moment of breakthrough, the ārya's wisdom goes beyond insight to what?,"To 'seeing' (dassana) nirvāṇa as well as realizing the four truths. "

What are the first three fetters (samyojana) eradicated to become a stream-enterer?,"1. View of a personal identity (sakkāya-diṭṭhi); 2. Deluded doubt (vicikicchā); 3. View of bad rules and practices (sīlabbata-parāmāsa). "

What follows the momentary breakthrough to the path of stream-entry?,"A few mind-moments of fruition (phala) that also experience nirvāṇa, enjoying the peace after the fetters have been eradicated. "

Why is a stream-enterer so called?,"Because they have entered the 'stream' of the Dharma, the supramundane eightfold path. "

What is the arising of the 'Eye of Dharma' (dhammacakkhu)?,"It refers to the clear realization of the Dharma at stream-entry, where one sees the truth of the Buddha's teaching for oneself. "

What are the five heinous actions (ānantarika-kamma) that a stream-enterer is incapable of committing?,"Killing one's mother, killing one's father, killing an arhat, causing a schism in the sangha, or maliciously drawing blood from a buddha. "

How does a stream-enterer relate to ethical conduct?,"They observe it well, and if they transgress, they never conceal it and confess as soon as possible. "

What are the four defining characteristics of a stream-enterer?,"1. Unshakable confidence in the Buddha, 2. the Dharma, and 3. the Sangha; and 4. firm commitment to observe at least the five precepts. "

What is the source of a stream-enterer's unshakable confidence in the Three Jewels?,"It arises as a result of their own direct experience of the Dharma (seeing nirvāṇa). "

Can a stream-enterer still experience afflictions like anger or attachment to family?,"Yes, but their afflictions are weaker than those of ordinary people who are not āryas. "

A stream-enterer is irreversibly headed for liberation. What does this mean for their progress?,"They will never regress on the path and will never lose their understanding of the Dharma, even after death. "

What is the maximum number of times a stream-enterer will be reborn before attaining nirvāṇa?,"A maximum of seven times. "

In which realms can a stream-enterer be reborn?,"Only in the human or deva realms; they can no longer be born in unfortunate realms or as a demi-god. "

What is the Pāli term for fruition attainment, the subsequent periods of meditation where nirvāṇa is re-experienced?,"Phala-samāpatti. "

What fetters are substantially weakened, but not eliminated, to become a once-returner?,"The two fetters of sensual desire (kāma-rāga) and malice (byāpāda). "

How many more times will a once-returner (sakadāgāmi) be reborn in the desire realm?,"At most only one more time. "

What two fetters are completely eradicated to become a nonreturner (anāgāmi)?,"Sensual desire (kāma-rāga) and malice (byāpāda). "

How many lower fetters has a nonreturner completely removed?,"All five lower fetters. "

Will a nonreturner ever be born again as a human or a desire-realm god?,"No, they are never again born in the desire realm. "

If a nonreturner does not attain nirvāṇa in their current life, where might they be reborn?,"In a 'pure abode' (suddhāvāsa), one of five special levels of the fourth meditative stabilization. "

What is unique about the pure abodes (suddhāvāsa)?,"Only nonreturners take birth there, and they will attain final nirvāṇa in that pure abode. "

Is it necessary for a nonreturner to have attained the fourth dhyāna to be born in a pure abode?,"No, even nonreturners who have not attained the fourth dhyāna may still be born there. "

To become a nonreturner, is celibacy necessary?,"It seems to be. To become a nonreturner, one must overcome sensual desire, for which celibacy is necessary. "

What are the five higher fetters that are eradicated to attain arhatship?,"Desire for existence in the form realm, desire for existence in the formless realm, conceit (māna), restlessness (uddhacca), and ignorance (avijjā). "

What is the subtle conceit of 'I am' that is eradicated only at arhatship?,"It is a subtle conceit of being an existing I, which is the third of the five higher fetters. "

When an arhat is still alive, what is their state of liberation called?,"Nirvāṇa with remainder (sopādisesa-nibbāna), because the polluted physical and mental aggregates remain. "

What happens when an arhat passes away from their final life?,"They attain the final goal, nirvāṇa without remainder (anupādisesa-nibbāna). "

What is the first of the ten fetters, abandoned at stream-entry?,"View of a personal identity (sakkāya-diṭṭhi). "

What is the second of the ten fetters, abandoned at stream-entry?,"Deluded doubt (vicikicchā). "

What is the third of the ten fetters, abandoned at stream-entry?,"View of bad rules and practices (sīlabbata-parāmāsa). "

What is the fourth of the ten fetters, weakened at once-returner and removed at nonreturner?,"Sensual desire (kāma-rāga). "

What is the fifth of the ten fetters, weakened at once-returner and removed at nonreturner?,"Malice (byāpāda or vyāpāda). "

What is the sixth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Desire for existence in the form realm (rūpa-rāga). "

What is the seventh of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Desire for existence in the formless realm (arūpa-rāga). "

What is the eighth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Conceit (māna). "

What is the ninth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Restlessness (uddhacca). "

What is the tenth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Ignorance (avijjā). "

What is the Pāli term for the 'view of a personal identity'?,"Sakkāya-diṭṭhi. "

What is the Pāli term for 'deluded doubt'?,"Vicikicchā. "

What is the Pāli term for the 'view of bad rules and practices'?,"Sīlabbata-parāmāsa. "

What does the 'view of a personal identity' (sakkāya-diṭṭhi) grasp at?,"A self that can be identified with the five aggregates. "

Why is 'deluded doubt' (vicikicchā) eradicated at stream-entry?,"Because a stream-enterer has directly seen the truth of the Dharma for themselves. "

Why is the 'view of bad rules and practices' eradicated at stream-entry?,"Because having seen the truth, a stream-enterer knows liberation is possible only by following the three higher trainings. "

What are the three types of individuals who attain awakening according to the oldest Pāli sūtras?,"A fully awakened buddha (samyaksambuddha), a solitary realizer (pratyekabuddha), and a śrāvaka."

What is the Pāli term for a fully awakened buddha?,"Sammāsambuddha."

What is the Pāli term for a solitary realizer?,"Paccekabuddha."

What is the Pāli term for a śrāvaka or 'hearer' disciple?,"Sāvaka."

How does a fully awakened buddha (sammāsambuddha) realize awakening?,"Without a teacher in his last life."

What is the primary role of a sammāsambuddha after attaining awakening?,"He teaches the Dharma to others and begins a dispensation (sāsana) when the Buddhadharma is not present in the world."

What is a dispensation or religious tradition established by a Buddha called in Pāli and Sanskrit?,"Pāli: sāsana, Sanskrit: śāsana."

How does a solitary realizer (paccekabuddha) attain awakening?,"Without the aid of a teacher."

Does a paccekabuddha typically teach the Dharma or establish a dispensation?,"No, a solitary realizer does not generally teach others verbally and does not begin a dispensation."

How does a śrāvaka (sāvaka) attain awakening?,"Through following the guidance of a teacher."

What have all three types of awakened individuals—buddhas, paccekabuddhas, and śrāvakas—realized, making them arhats?,"The fourfold path knowledge (P. magga ñāṇa), meaning they have realized the four truths."

Which Pāli canonical text, added later to the Sūtra Pitaka, reveres the bodhisattva ideal?,"The Buddhavamsa."

What is the 'great aspiration' of a bodhisattva called in Pāli and Sanskrit?,"Pāli: abhinīhāra, Sanskrit: ābhinīhāra."

What key bodhisattva practice did the Buddhavamsa text put forth?,"The ten perfections (pāramitā)."

Which collection of tales illustrates a bodhisattva's practice of the perfections?,"The Jātaka tales."

Which early Buddhist schools, besides the Theravāda, came to speak of three distinct vehicles leading to awakening?,"The Sarvāstivāda and the Mahāsāmghika."

What is the state of awakening unique to a buddha called in Pāli?,"Full awakening (sammā-sambodhi)."

In the context of a buddha's attainment, what does it mean to be 'all-knowing'?,"It does not mean knowing everything simultaneously, but that a buddha could know anything if he turned his mind to it."

Besides all defilements, what else has a buddha eradicated that other arhats may not have?,"Latencies or habitual tendencies (vāsanā)."

What is an aspirant aiming for a buddha's full awakening called in Pāli?,"A sammā-sambodhisatta."

What is the state of awakening unique to a solitary realizer called in Pāli?,"Pacceka-bodhi."

What is an aspirant aiming for a solitary realizer's awakening called in Pāli?,"A pacceka-bodhisatta (solitary realizer bodhisattva)."

What is the state of awakening unique to a śrāvaka disciple called in Pāli?,"Sāvaka-bodhi."

What is an aspirant aiming for śrāvaka awakening called in Pāli?,"A sāvaka-bodhisatta (śrāvaka bodhisattva)."

According to a commentary on the Buddhavamsa, what are the two types of bodhi (awakening)?,"Arhat-bodhi (the awakening of a śrāvaka arhat) and sabbaññu-bodhi (the awakening of a buddha)."

What is 'arhat-bodhi'?,"The awakening of a śrāvaka arhat."

What is 'sabbaññu-bodhi'?,"The awakening of a sabbaññutāñāṇa, or all-knowing one; the awakening of a buddha."

How do present-day Theravāda practitioners generally regard the practice of the perfections (pāramitā)?,"As practices done by all three types of practitioners (buddha, paccekabuddha, śrāvaka) because they are requisite qualities for awakening."

What distinguishes a buddha-aspirant's cultivation of the perfections from that of other practitioners?,"Someone aspiring for a buddha's awakening cultivates the perfections for a longer period of time and in more depth."

Describe the defining characteristic of a sammāsambuddha's path.,"They discover the path to awakening by themselves when it has been lost to the world, and they teach it to others, establishing a sāsana."

Describe the defining characteristic of a paccekabuddha's path.,"They discover the path to awakening by themselves but do not teach it extensively to establish a dispensation; their expertise in teaching is limited compared to a sammāsambuddha."

Describe the defining characteristic of a sāvaka's path.,"They attain awakening by hearing the teaching from a sammāsambuddha and putting it into practice."

What fundamental knowledge do all three types of arhats (sammāsambuddha, paccekabuddha, sāvaka) share?,"The direct realization of the Four Noble Truths."

The absence of a teacher in one's final life is a shared characteristic of which two types of awakened beings?,"The sammāsambuddha and the paccekabuddha."

The responsibility of 'turning the Dharma wheel' in an era of darkness belongs to which awakened being?,"The sammāsambuddha."

From a Mahāyāna perspective, which of the three individuals corresponds to the Hearer Vehicle (Śrāvakayāna)?,"The śrāvaka or 'sāvaka'."

From a Mahāyāna perspective, which of the three individuals corresponds to the Solitary Realizer Vehicle (Pratyekabuddhayāna)?,"The pratyekabuddha or 'paccekabuddha'."

From a Mahāyāna perspective, which of the three individuals corresponds to the Bodhisattva Vehicle (Bodhisattvayāna)?,"The samyaksambuddha or 'sammāsambuddha'."

What is the ultimate fruit of the Śrāvakayāna?,"Arhatship (specifically, sāvaka-bodhi)."

What is the ultimate fruit of the Pratyekabuddhayāna?,"The awakening of a solitary realizer (pacceka-bodhi)."

What is the ultimate fruit of the Bodhisattvayāna?,"Perfect, complete awakening (samyak-sambodhi or sammā-sambodhi)."

While later Pāli texts discuss the bodhisattva path, what is the primary goal presented in the earliest sūtras for a disciple?,"The attainment of śrāvaka awakening, or becoming an arhat."

What term describes the subtle, habitual patterns of mind that a Buddha eradicates but a śrāvaka arhat may still retain?,"Vāsanā (latencies or habitual tendencies)."

The ten perfections (pāramitā) in the Pāli tradition include qualities like dāna (generosity), sīla (virtue), and nekkhamma (renunciation). What is their primary function?,"They are qualities that must be developed to the fullest extent to achieve the goal of awakening, especially for a sammāsambuddha."

What is the relationship between the three vehicles and the Four Noble Truths?,"All three vehicles are grounded in the realization of the Four Noble Truths; the difference lies in the motivation, duration of practice, and resultant qualities of the practitioner."

In the Pāli tradition, how is the aspiration to become a Buddha (a sammā-sambodhisatta) initially formalized?,"Through the making of a great aspiration (abhinīhāra) in the presence of a past Buddha."

Why are Jātaka tales considered important in the Pāli tradition's bodhisattva context?,"They provide narrative examples of how the bodhisatta (the Buddha in previous lives) practiced the ten perfections through many lifetimes."

The ability to teach the Dharma skilfully to a wide range of beings is a defining quality of which awakened individual?,"The sammāsambuddha."

If a practitioner attains Nibbāna by hearing a discourse from the Buddha, which of the three paths have they followed?,"The path of the śrāvaka (sāvaka)."

Compare the duration of practice for a śrāvaka versus a sammā-sambodhisatta.,"A śrāvaka's path to arhatship can be accomplished relatively quickly (e.g., within one lifetime), while the path of a sammā-sambodhisatta requires cultivating the perfections over countless eons (kalpas)."

What core realization frees all three types of awakened beings from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra)?,"The direct seeing of Nibbāna (Nirvāṇa) and the complete eradication of the mental pollutants (āsavas)."

The Sanskrit term 'śrāvaka' literally means 'hearer.' How does this relate to their path?,"It signifies that they depend on 'hearing' the Dharma from a Buddha to be able to practice the path to liberation."

Why is a 'paccekabuddha' known as a 'solitary' realizer?,"Because they attain awakening alone, without a teacher, and typically live in seclusion, not forming a community of disciples."

What is the object of 'sāvaka-bodhi'?,"The realization of the Four Noble Truths and Nibbāna, leading to the state of a liberated arhat disciple."

What is the object of 'pacceka-bodhi'?,"The realization of the Four Noble Truths and Nibbāna, accomplished without a teacher's guidance."

What is the object of 'sammā-sambodhi'?,"The realization of the Four Noble Truths and Nibbāna, coupled with the attainment of unique qualities of a Buddha, such as omniscience (sabbaññutā) and unerring skill in teaching."

Which Pāli term refers to the awakening of an 'all-knowing one'?,"Sabbaññu-bodhi."

How did some early Buddhist schools like the Sarvāstivāda differentiate the three vehicles?,"By the difficulty and length of the practice required for each path."

True or False: In the Pāli sūtras, the term 'bodhisatta' exclusively refers to someone who will become a Sammāsambuddha.,"True, in the earliest texts, 'bodhisatta' refers to a being destined for full Buddhahood, specifically Siddhattha Gotama before his awakening."

What is the Pāli for generosity, the first of the ten perfections?,"Dāna."

What is the Pāli for virtue or ethical conduct, the second of the ten perfections?,"Sīla."

What is the Pāli for renunciation, the third of the ten perfections?,"Nekkhamma."

What is the Pāli for wisdom, the fourth of the ten perfections?,"Paññā."

What is the Pāli for energy or effort, the fifth of the ten perfections?,"Viriya."

What is the Pāli for patience or forbearance, the sixth of the ten perfections?,"Khanti."

What is the Pāli for truthfulness, the seventh of the ten perfections?,"Sacca."

What is the Pāli for determination or resolution, the eighth of the ten perfections?,"Adhiṭṭhāna."

What is the Pāli for loving-kindness, the ninth of the ten perfections?,"Mettā."

What is the Pāli for equanimity, the tenth of the ten perfections?,"Upekkhā."

What is the defining motivation of a being on the Bodhisattayāna (the Buddha vehicle)?,"The altruistic intention to achieve perfect awakening for the benefit and liberation of all sentient beings."

What is the primary motivation of a being on the Śrāvakayāna (the Hearer vehicle)?,"The intention to achieve Nibbāna and escape the suffering of saṃsāra for oneself as quickly as possible."

Is the goal of becoming a paccekabuddha generally considered an active spiritual path one can choose in the Pāli tradition?,"No, it is generally seen as a result of past karmic conditions and aspirations rather than an explicit path one chooses to follow from the outset."

The concept of three separate vehicles is more systematically elaborated in which tradition, Mahāyāna or Theravāda?,"Mahāyāna."

In the Pāli view, are the 'three vehicles' three fundamentally different paths to different goals, or three variations of one path?,"They are seen as three variations of the one path to awakening (bodhi), distinguished by the practitioner's aspiration and the perfection of their qualities, with the Buddha's path being the most complete."

The eradication of the 'latencies' (vāsanā) is a unique accomplishment of which awakened being?,"The Sammāsambuddha."

If a being attains awakening but lacks the capacity to 'turn the wheel of Dharma,' they cannot be a...?,"Sammāsambuddha."

The aspiration to attain 'sabbaññu-bodhi' is the defining feature of which path?,"The path of the bodhisatta, leading to full Buddhahood."

What is the relationship between being an arhat and being a buddha?,"A buddha is an arhat, but not all arhats are buddhas. 'Arhat' is a general term for one who has eradicated the defilements, while 'buddha' refers to a specific type of arhat with unique qualities."

Which Pāli text provides the narrative framework for the Bodhisatta's past lives and practice of the perfections?,"The Jātaka tales."

To whom does a bodhisatta make their 'great aspiration' (abhinīhāra)?,"In the presence of a living Buddha of a past eon."

What does the term 'pāramitā' or 'perfection' imply about the practice?,"It implies that these qualities must be brought to their highest degree of development, 'to the other shore' of perfection."

Which of the ten perfections is considered the foundation for the others?,"Wisdom (paññā) and generosity (dāna) are often cited as foundational, but all are interconnected."

The idea of practicing for 'three incalculable eons' is associated with which path?,"The path of the sammā-sambodhisatta."

What is the main difference between 'arhat-bodhi' and 'sāvaka-bodhi'?,"There is no essential difference; they are two terms for the same attainment: the awakening of a śrāvaka arhat."

What distinguishes 'sabbaññu-bodhi' from 'pacceka-bodhi'?,"Both are self-awakened, but sabbaññu-bodhi includes the quality of 'all-knowingness' and the capacity to establish a dispensation, which pacceka-bodhi lacks."

Does a śrāvaka need to perfect all ten pāramitā to the same degree as a bodhisatta?,"No, a śrāvaka must develop the faculties associated with the Noble Eightfold Path, but does not need to perfect the ten pāramitā over eons to the supreme degree required for Buddhahood."

The term for the 'awakening of a disciple' is...?,"Sāvaka-bodhi."

A practitioner who attains arhatship by following the teachings in this current dispensation of Gotama Buddha is known as a...?,"Śrāvaka (or sāvaka)."

The ability to recall past lives in detail is a knowledge developed by practitioners of all three vehicles, but which being develops it to its ultimate degree?,"The Sammāsambuddha."

In which text does Gotama Buddha recount the story of his own 'great aspiration' made before Dīpankara Buddha?,"The Buddhavamsa."

The path focused on attaining liberation by realizing the 'non-self' of phenomena after hearing teachings is the...?,"Path of the śrāvaka."

A self-awakened one who does not teach is a...?,"Paccekabuddha."

A self-awakened one who founds a dispensation (sāsana) is a...?,"Sammāsambuddha."

Which type of awakened being is considered the 'unsurpassed field of merit for the world' to the highest degree?,"The Sammāsambuddha."

What is the minimum requirement for entering the stream to śrāvaka-bodhi?,"Hearing the true Dharma from a Buddha or his noble disciple and practicing appropriately."

What is the defining characteristic of a Buddha's compassion compared to other arhats?,"It is expressed through the tireless, multi-eon effort to rediscover and teach the path for the sake of all beings, not just for personal liberation."

What does it mean that practitioners of the Pāli tradition 'continued to follow the early sūtras'?,"It means their primary aim was the śrāvaka awakening and the attainment of arhatship as described in the main discourses of the Buddha."

Did the introduction of the Buddhavamsa create a conflict in the Theravāda tradition?,"Not a conflict, but an expansion, allowing for the veneration of the bodhisattva path as the cause for the Buddha's appearance in the world, while maintaining the śrāvaka path as the practical goal for disciples."

What are the four stages of liberation in the Pāli tradition, in order?,"Stream-enterer (sotāpanna), once-returner (sakadāgāmi), nonreturner (anāgāmi), and arhat (arahant)."

What is the function of the dhyānas and formless realm absorptions regarding the defilements?,"They are states of deep mental tranquility in which the defilements are temporarily suppressed but not eradicated."

What is the name for the level of concentration that is prior to attaining the first dhyāna?,"Access concentration (upacāra samādhi)."

According to the Pāli commentaries, can a meditator attain arhatship based on access concentration alone, without entering the dhyānas?,"Yes, such a meditator can develop insight wisdom from access concentration and progress through all four stages to attain arhatship."

What is the Pāli term for an arhat who attains liberation without the deep concentration of the dhyānas?,"Sukkhavipassaka, or a 'dry-insight arhat'."

What does the term 'sukkhavipassaka' (dry-insight) signify about the arhat's mind?,"It signifies that their mind has not been 'moistened' and softened by the profound tranquility of the dhyānas."

Is it necessary to cultivate all four dhyānas to attain the destruction of pollutants?,"No, one can use the first dhyāna as the basis to attain the destruction of pollutants without cultivating any higher levels of concentration."

When describing his own path to awakening, which dhyāna did the Buddha say he used as a basis to realize the three higher knowledges?,"The fourth dhyāna."

What are the three higher knowledges (tevijjā) the Buddha realized after attaining the fourth dhyāna?,"1. Recollection of previous lives, 2. Knowledge of the death and rebirth of sentient beings, and 3. Knowledge of the destruction of all pollutants."

What is the Pāli term for access concentration?,"Upacāra samādhi."

How is the mind of the fourth dhyāna described in terms of its qualities?,"It is described as 'purified, bright, unblemished, free from imperfections, malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability.'"

Which tradition, also followed in Tibetan Buddhism, speaks of arhats similar to the 'dry-insight' type?,"The Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma."

What is the minimum level of concentration required for a meditator to begin developing the insight wisdom that leads to liberation?,"Access concentration (upacāra samādhi)."

Are the dhyānas a state of permanent or temporary suppression of the defilements?,"Temporary suppression."

What is the Sanskrit term for a stream-enterer?,"Srotāpanna."

What is the Sanskrit term for a once-returner?,"Sakṛdāgāmin."

What is the Sanskrit term for a nonreturner?,"Anāgāmin."

What is the Pāli term for a stream-enterer?,"Sotāpanna."

What is the Pāli term for a once-returner?,"Sakadāgāmi."

What is the Pāli term for a nonreturner?,"Anāgāmi."

What is the Pāli term for an arhat?,"Arahant."

To actualize the knowledge of the destruction of pollutants, what must meditators first cultivate?,"Insight wisdom (vipassanā paññā)."

What are the three characteristics that serve as the primary objects for cultivating insight wisdom (vipassanā paññā)?,"Impermanence, duḥkha, and not-self."

What meditation practice is mentioned as a basis for refining mindfulness for insight?,"The four establishments of mindfulness."

What is the realization of subtle impermanence?,"The direct witnessing of the factors of body and mind arising and passing away in the briefest moment."

How do the commentaries define the duḥkha that is realized through insight into impermanence?,"As 'oppression due to arising and passing away.'"

What kind of abandonment does insight wisdom bring about initially?,"'Specific-factor abandonment'—it temporarily overcomes a particular misunderstanding or wrong conception."

When insight wisdom matures, what does the mind momentarily turn away from?,"All conditioned phenomena."

When a practitioner has a clear realization of the unconditioned (nirvāṇa), what else do they gain?,"The true understanding of the four truths."

At the stage of arhatship, what is the clear realization of the four truths called?,"'Knowledge of the destruction of the pollutants.'"

What type of abandonment occurs with the direct, clear realization of nirvāṇa?,"'Eradication abandonment,' where the defilements are permanently eradicated."

Is the experience of the clear realization of nirvāṇa gradual or sudden?,"It is described as a sudden experience, as meditators see what they have never before seen."

What is the experience of the first clear realization of nirvāṇa described as?,"A total transformation of consciousness."

While the realization itself is sudden, what is the general path that leads to it?,"The gradual practice of the three higher trainings (ethics, concentration, wisdom)."

The sūtras tell of people attaining the path by just hearing a discourse. What do the texts say this indicates?,"That they undoubtedly cultivated the three higher trainings in previous lives."

According to Pāli commentaries, when the third noble truth (nirvāṇa) is realized as an object, how are the other three truths realized?,"Simultaneously, by way of their function."

How does the realization of nirvāṇa lead to understanding the second noble truth (origin)?,"Through realizing nirvāṇa, one abandons some defilements that are the cause of duḥkha."

What is the Pāli term for insight wisdom?,"Vipassanā paññā."

The mind of which dhyāna is described as 'malleable, wieldy, steady, and attained to imperturbability'?,"The fourth dhyāna."

Can insight wisdom arise without having previously attained dhyāna?,"Yes, one who follows the vehicle of pure insight can attain it without dhyāna."

Are the arya paths and fruits the result of concentration alone?,"No, they are the outcome of insight and the cultivation of wisdom."

The 'vehicle of serenity' refers to a practitioner who cultivates insight based on what foundation?,"Based on having first attained access concentration, the dhyānas, or the formless absorptions."

How does the strength of 'momentary concentration' compare to other forms of concentration?,"It is considered comparable in strength to access concentration."

A meditator who emerges from a dhyāna to see its factors in terms of the five aggregates is following which vehicle?,"The vehicle of serenity."

A meditator who directly observes their own mental and physical processes with mindfulness without specially cultivating dhyāna is following which vehicle?,"The vehicle of pure insight."

The insight of a practitioner on the pure insight vehicle is described as 'dry' because it is not moistened by what?,"The calm of the dhyānas."

What is the Pāli term for the 'three higher knowledges'?,"Tevijjā."

What is the name of the first of the three higher knowledges?,"Recollection of previous lives (pubbenivāsānussati-ñāṇa)."

What is the name of the second of the three higher knowledges?,"Knowledge of the death and rebirth of beings (cutūpapāta-ñāṇa), also known as the 'divine eye'."

What is the name of the third and most important of the three higher knowledges?,"Knowledge of the destruction of the pollutants (āsavakkhaya-ñāṇa)."

What is the relationship between the five aggregates and true duḥkha?,"True duḥkha is to be fully understood, and it is in essence the five aggregates."

What is the Pāli term for the 'path' phase of an ārya?,"Magga."

What is the Pāli term for the 'fruition' phase of an ārya?,"Phala."

What are the 'approachers' and 'abiders' in the Sanskrit tradition equivalent to in the Pāli tradition?,"They are equivalent to the 'path' (magga) and 'fruition' (phala) phases."

How are the eight types of āryas differentiated?,"Based on the strength of their faculties, the defilements they have eradicated, and the number/type of remaining rebirths."

What is 'liberation of mind' (cetovimutti) generally the result of?,"Serenity (samatha) practice."

What is 'liberation by wisdom' (paññāvimutti) generally the result of?,"Insight (vipassanā) practice."

What is a virtuous ordinary person who aspires for stream-entry called in Pāli?,"A kalyāṇaputhujjana."

What does 'associating with superior persons' entail?,"Being near a qualified teacher and Dharma friends who are intent on liberation."

Why is 'hearing the true Dharma' essential before practice?,"To know what the path is, what the potential detours are, and how to navigate them."

What does 'appropriate and wise attention' (yoniso manasikāra) enable one to do?,"To focus on what is important in a way that helps one to see the three characteristics."

When does a practitioner enter the path to stream-enterer?,"When, after diligent practice of insight, their wisdom faculty becomes strong enough to break through mundane reality."

What mistaken view is forever uprooted at the breakthrough to stream-entry?,"Any idea of a substantial self; any mistaken view of self."

At the moment of breakthrough, the ārya's wisdom goes beyond insight to what?,"To 'seeing' (dassana) nirvāṇa as well as realizing the four truths."

Why is a stream-enterer so called?,"Because they have entered the 'stream' of the Dharma, the supramundane eightfold path."

What is the arising of the 'Eye of Dharma' (dhammacakkhu)?,"It refers to the clear realization of the Dharma at stream-entry, where one sees the truth of the Buddha's teaching for oneself."

How does a stream-enterer relate to ethical conduct?,"They observe it well, and if they transgress, they never conceal it and confess as soon as possible."

What is the source of a stream-enterer's unshakable confidence in the Three Jewels?,"It arises as a result of their own direct experience of the Dharma (seeing nirvāṇa)."

Can a stream-enterer still experience afflictions like anger or attachment to family?,"Yes, but their afflictions are weaker than those of ordinary people who are not āryas."

What is the maximum number of times a stream-enterer will be reborn before attaining nirvāṇa?,"A maximum of seven times."

In which realms can a stream-enterer be reborn?,"Only in the human or deva realms; they can no longer be born in unfortunate realms or as a demi-god."

What is the Pāli term for fruition attainment, the subsequent periods of meditation where nirvāṇa is re-experienced?,"Phala-samāpatti."

What fetters are substantially weakened, but not eliminated, to become a once-returner?,"The two fetters of sensual desire (kāma-rāga) and malice (byāpāda)."

How many more times will a once-returner (sakadāgāmi) be reborn in the desire realm?,"At most only one more time."

What two fetters are completely eradicated to become a nonreturner (anāgāmi)?,"Sensual desire (kāma-rāga) and malice (byāpāda)."

How many lower fetters has a nonreturner completely removed?,"All five lower fetters."

Will a nonreturner ever be born again as a human or a desire-realm god?,"No, they are never again born in the desire realm."

If a nonreturner does not attain nirvāṇa in their current life, where might they be reborn?,"In a 'pure abode' (suddhāvāsa), one of five special levels of the fourth meditative stabilization."

What is unique about the pure abodes (suddhāvāsa)?,"Only nonreturners take birth there, and they will attain final nirvāṇa in that pure abode."

Is it necessary for a nonreturner to have attained the fourth dhyāna to be born in a pure abode?,"No, even nonreturners who have not attained the fourth dhyāna may still be born there."

To become a nonreturner, is celibacy necessary?,"It seems to be. To become a nonreturner, one must overcome sensual desire, for which celibacy is necessary."

What is the subtle conceit of 'I am' that is eradicated only at arhatship?,"It is a subtle conceit of being an existing I, which is the third of the five higher fetters."

When an arhat is still alive, what is their state of liberation called?,"Nirvāṇa with remainder (sopādisesa-nibbāna), because the polluted physical and mental aggregates remain."

What happens when an arhat passes away from their final life?,"They attain the final goal, nirvāṇa without remainder (anupādisesa-nibbāna)."

What is the first of the ten fetters, abandoned at stream-entry?,"View of a personal identity (sakkāya-diṭṭhi)."

What is the second of the ten fetters, abandoned at stream-entry?,"Deluded doubt (vicikicchā)."

What is the third of the ten fetters, abandoned at stream-entry?,"View of bad rules and practices (sīlabbata-parāmāsa)."

What is the fourth of the ten fetters, weakened at once-returner and removed at nonreturner?,"Sensual desire (kāma-rāga)."

What is the fifth of the ten fetters, weakened at once-returner and removed at nonreturner?,"Malice (byāpāda or vyāpāda)."

What is the sixth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Desire for existence in the form realm (rūpa-rāga)."

What is the seventh of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Desire for existence in the formless realm (arūpa-rāga)."

What is the eighth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Conceit (māna)."

What is the ninth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Restlessness (uddhacca)."

What is the tenth of the ten fetters, one of the five higher fetters abandoned at arhatship?,"Ignorance (avijjā)."

What is the Pāli term for the 'view of a personal identity'?,"Sakkāya-diṭṭhi."

What is the Pāli term for 'deluded doubt'?,"Vicikicchā."

What is the Pāli term for the 'view of bad rules and practices'?,"Sīlabbata-parāmāsa."

What does the 'view of a personal identity' (sakkāya-diṭṭhi) grasp at?,"A self that can be identified with the five aggregates."

Why is 'deluded doubt' (vicikicchā) eradicated at stream-entry?,"Because a stream-enterer has directly seen the truth of the Dharma for themselves."

Why is the 'view of bad rules and practices' eradicated at stream-entry?,"Because having seen the truth, a stream-enterer knows liberation is possible only by following the three higher trainings."

What does 'practicing in accord with the Dharma' mean?,"It means integrating the Dharma with one's life and mind so that realizations can come about."

What is the 'duḥkha that remains' for a stream-enterer compared to?,"The Buddha compared it to the little bit of soil under his fingernail, versus all the soil on Earth for an ordinary being."

Can a lay follower who is married attain stream-entry?,"Yes, the Buddha speaks of lay stream-enterers enjoying sensual pleasures and being attached to their families."

What is the Pāli term for the fetters?,"Samyojana."

Which two poisons of the mind are substantially reduced, but not eliminated, at once-returner?,"Attachment and anger (related to sensual desire and malice)."

If someone becomes a nonreturner as a human, is it possible for them to attain final nirvāṇa in that same life?,"Yes, it is possible for them to attain arhatship in that life. If not, they are reborn in a pure abode."

If a lay follower attains nonreturner, what change must occur in their lifestyle?,"They must abide in celibacy, because their sensual desire has been completely eliminated."

Have any lay followers attained arhatship, according to the scriptures?,"Yes, but they are either just about to die or they ordain as monastics very soon after becoming arhats."

Why would a lay arhat ordain as a monastic?,"Because arhats have severed all craving, they have no interest in a householder's lifestyle."

According to the Buddha, what is 'worthless' in comparison to gaining the four defining characteristics of a stream-enterer?,"Sovereignty over the four continents, one of the powers of a wheel-turning monarch."

The commentary uses an analogy for the path and fruit moments. What is it?,"The path is like a person breaking free from shackles, and the fruition is the feeling of freedom he feels just afterward."

Who possesses direct knowledge (abhiññā)?,"Both learners (sekha) and arhats (asekha)."

The Path of Purification says that at each of the four stages, the four ways of engaging with the four truths occur. What does this mean?,"It means that at each stage, meditators to some extent fully understand duḥkha, abandon its origin, realize cessation, and cultivate the path, with these being completed at arhatship."

What Pāli term describes how a stream-enterer's confidence in the Three Jewels is 'unshakable'?,"Aveccappasāda, meaning faith based on direct seeing."

A stream-enterer with sharp faculties will take how many more rebirths?,"Only one more rebirth."

A stream-enterer with middle faculties will take how many more rebirths?,"Two to six more rebirths."

A stream-enterer with dull faculties will take how many more rebirths?,"At most seven more rebirths."

If a deva becomes a once-returner, can they be reborn as a human to attain final nirvāṇa?,"Yes, this is one of the several permutations for a once-returner's path."

To eradicate desire for rebirth in sublime meditative states, what must a meditator see about the states themselves?,"They must see that the states, however sublime, are still impermanent, in the nature of duḥkha, substanceless, and selfless."

Who are the two main categories of disciples described in the Kītāgiri Sutta (MN 70)?,"1. Those who have completed the path and have no more work to do with diligence (arhats), and 2. those who have work to do with diligence (learners)."

What are the two types of arhats, who have no more work to do?,"Those liberated in both ways (ubhatobhāgavimutta) and those liberated by wisdom (paññāvimutta)."

What does it mean that an arhat has 'laid down the burden'?,"They have laid down the burden of the defilements, and upon passing into final nirvāṇa, they also lay down the burden of the polluted body."

What is an 'asekha'?,"An arhat, one who requires no-more-learning or training on the path."

What is a 'sekha'?,"A trainee or learner; a noble one who has not yet attained arhatship and still has work to do on the path."

An arhat 'liberated in both ways' (ubhatobhāgavimutta) is liberated from what two things?,"They are liberated from the physical body by having gained the formless absorptions, and from the mind-body (nāma-kāya) by the path of arhatship."

Why is an arhat 'liberated in both ways' lauded as the most excellent type?,"Because their faculties of both wisdom and concentration are strong."

An arhat 'liberated by wisdom' (paññāvimutta) destroys their pollutants by seeing with wisdom but does not attain what?,"They do not attain the formless absorptions."

Can an arhat 'liberated by wisdom' be a 'dry-insight arhat'?,"Yes, they could have attained only access concentration and become a dry-insight arhat, or they could have attained any of the four dhyānas."

Who are the five types of disciples who still 'have work to do with diligence'?,"Body-witnesses, ones attained to view, ones resolved through faith, Dharma followers, and faith followers."

What is a 'body-witness' (kāyasakkhi)?,"An ārya (from stream-enterer to path of arhat) who possesses some or all of the formless absorptions and has removed some pollutants with wisdom."

A body-witness (kāyasakkhi) will eventually become which type of arhat?,"An arhat liberated in both ways."

What distinguishes a 'one attained to view' (diṭṭhippatta) from a 'one resolved through faith' (saddhāvimutta)?,"For the 'one attained to view,' wisdom is the dominant faculty, while for the 'one resolved through faith,' faith is the dominant faculty."

Dharma followers (dhammānusāri) and faith followers (saddhānusāri) are both on the path leading to what attainment?,"They are both on the path leading to stream-enterer."

What is the principal difference between a Dharma follower and a faith follower?,"The faculty to which they are inclined: wisdom for the Dharma follower, and faith for the faith follower."

What are Dharma followers and faith followers guaranteed to attain before they pass away?,"The fruit of stream-enterer."

What is the Pāli for an arhat 'liberated in both ways'?,"Ubhatobhāgavimutta."

What is the Pāli for an arhat 'liberated by wisdom'?,"Paññāvimutta."

What is the Pāli for a 'body-witness'?,"Kāyasakkhi."

What is the Pāli for a 'one attained to view'?,"Diṭṭhippatta."

What is the Pāli for a 'one resolved through faith'?,"Saddhāvimutta."

What is the Pāli for a 'Dharma follower'?,"Dhammānusārī."

What is the Pāli for a 'faith follower'?,"Saddhānusārī."

Which two types of disciples on the path to stream-entry lack the formless absorptions and have not yet destroyed any pollutants by wisdom?,"Dharma followers and faith followers."

When a Dharma follower attains the fruit of stream-enterer, what do they become?,"They become a 'one attained to view' (diṭṭhippatta)."

When a faith follower attains the fruit of stream-enterer, what do they become?,"They become a 'one resolved through faith' (saddhāvimutta)."

What is the main difference in approach between a 'one attained to view' and a 'one resolved through faith'?,"'Ones attained to view' emphasize investigation and analysis of the teachings, whereas 'ones resolved through faith' are motivated primarily by their deep faith in the Tathāgata."

What is the defining characteristic of a 'body-witness' (kāyasakkhi) compared to other learners?,"They have attained some or all of the formless absorptions, directly experiencing them with the body (kāya)."

Which of the seven disciples has destroyed SOME pollutants and has a dominant faculty of WISDOM, but has NOT attained the formless absorptions?,"A 'one attained to view' (diṭṭhippatta)."

Which of the seven disciples has destroyed SOME pollutants and has a dominant faculty of FAITH, but has NOT attained the formless absorptions?,"A 'one resolved through faith' (saddhāvimutta)."

Which of the seven disciples has destroyed ALL pollutants and possesses the formless absorptions?,"An arhat 'liberated in both ways' (ubhatobhāgavimutta)."

Which of the seven disciples has destroyed ALL pollutants but does NOT possess the formless absorptions?,"An arhat 'liberated by wisdom' (paññāvimutta)."

Arhats are said to be incapable of doing nine actions. Name three of them.,"Any three of: killing, stealing, engaging in sexual activities, deliberately lying, storing up things, or making bad decisions because of desire, anger, confusion, or fear."