Lymphatic & Immune Systems

Question 1

Lymphatic System is a ___ system that begins with ___ which merge to form ___ which merge to form ___

Answer 1

One way
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic ducts

Question 2

Lymphatic systems acts as a suction pump to retrieve ___, ___ and ___ from ___

Answer 2

Water, proteins and WBC from the tissues

Question 3

Lymph

Answer 3

Fluid in the lymphatic vessels

Question 4

Lymph nodes

Answer 4

Lymph filters

Question 5

Lymph nodes role in the immune system

Answer 5

Contain WBC which initiate immune response against foreign bodies picked up by the lymph

Question 6

Large lymphatic ducts merge to form the _____ which is the

Answer 6

Thoracic duct

Largest lymphatic vessel found in the chest

Question 7

Role of the thoracic duct

Answer 7

Empty into a large vein near the neck

Also lymphatic vessels from the intestines dump dietary fats into the thoracic duct

Question 8

Innate immunity

Answer 8

General, non-specific protection the body provides against various invaders

Simplest = skin

Question 9

Innate immunity core components:

1. Skin
2. Tears, saliva and blood contain _____ which is:
3. _____ of stomach destroys many pathogens
4. Macrophages and neutrophils ________
5. _______ is a group of 20 blood proteins which can __________, leading to their destruction

Answer 9

1. Skin
2. Tears, saliva and blood contain Lysozyme which is an enzyme that kills bacteria by destroying cell walls
3. Extreme acidity of stomach destroys many pathogens
4. Macrophages and neutrophils INDISCRIMINATELY phagocyte micro-oganisms
5. Complement system is a group of 20 blood proteins which can nonspecifically bind to the surface of foreign cells, leading to their destruction

Question 10

Humoral immunity

Answer 10

Specific protection by antibodies aka immunoglobulins

Question 11

Antibodies structure

Answer 11

Light and heavy chain components joined by disulfide bonds

Constant region and variable (antigen binding) region

Question 12

Antigen function

Answer 12

Binds to microorganisms that have been specifically recognized leading to their destruction and removal from the body

Question 13

Immunoglobiulins/antibodies are differentiated by their:

Most of the antibodies circulating in the plasma is the ____ class

Answer 13

Constant region

IgG class

Question 14

Molecule that an antibody binds to is the

Answer 14

Antigen

Question 15

Small site in which an antibody recognizes within a larger antigen is called an

Answer 15

Epitope

Question 16

Protein enabling the production of antibodies is called the ___ and the molecule becoming antigenic is called the ___

Answer 16

Carrier

Hapten

Question 17

When an antibody binds to an antigen any of the following happens to initiate removal from the body:

Answer 17

1. Binding directly inactivates antigen
2. Binding can induce phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils
3. Presence of antibodies on the surface of the cell can activate the complement system to form holes in the cell membrane and lyse the cell

Question 18

Antibodies are produced by

Answer 18

B cells

Question 19

Antigen produced by a cell can recognize ___

But B cells can produce ___

Answer 19

Only one type of antigen

All types of antibodies to recognize their antigen

Question 20

When antigen binds to the antibody of the specific immature B cell, the cell is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into two kinds of cells:

Answer 20

Plasma cells: produce and secrete antibody protein into plasma

Memory cells: Produced from the same clone and have same variable regions but don’t secrete antibody., just are pre-activated B-cells that wait for the same antibody to appear before activation

Question 21

If activation of the memory cell occurs

Answer 21

Start producing antibody very quickly, so quickly that no symptoms of illness appear (Clonal selection)

Question 22

Clonal selection

Answer 22

B cells memory cells target antigens already seen by the immune system

Question 23

Primary immune response

Answer 23

Can take a week or more for B cells to proliferate and secrete significant levels of antibody on the first exposure

Too slow to prevent symptoms from occuring

Question 24

Secondary immune response

Answer 24

Second exposure to specific antibody is stronger and swifter and symptoms don’t develop

“Immunity” due to presence of memory cells

Question 25

Vaccination

Answer 25

Used to improve response to infections by exposing the immune system to an antigen associated with a disease so that the secondary immune response builds up before pathogen is encountered in the future

Question 26

IgM antibody location and function

Answer 26

Blood and B cell surface Initial immune response, structure of blood, structure of B cell as antigen receptor

Question 27

IgG antibody location and function

Answer 27

Blood Ongoing immune response, majority antibody in blood, can cross placenta

Question 28

IgD antibody location and function

Answer 28

B cell surface Serves IgM as antigen receptor on B cells

Question 29

IgA antibody location and function

Answer 29

B cell surface Serves with IgM as antigen receptor on B cells

Question 30

IgE antibody location and function

Answer 30

Blood Allergic reactions

Question 31

``` Two types of T cells: T helpers (CD4) T killers (CD8) What are their roles? ```

Answer 31

CD4: Activate B cells, T killer cells and other immune cells -Central controller of immune response CD8: Destroy abnormal host cells

Question 32

T helpers communicate with otters cells by releasing ___ and ___

Answer 32

special hormones called lymphokines and interleukins

Question 33

T helper cell is the host of the virus

Answer 33

HIV

Question 34

T killer role to destroy abnormal host cells such as

Answer 34

Virus-infected host cells Cancer cells Foreign cells such as skin graft given by incompatible donor

Question 35

"T" in T-cell stands for :

Answer 35

Thymus They develop in the thymus gland during childhood in bone marrow

Question 36

T cell receptor

Answer 36

Protein on the T-cell surface that can bind antigen

Question 37

How do T-cells recognize. an antigen?

Answer 37

Bind to the proteins on its surface for examination

Question 38

Major histocompatibility complex

Answer 38

Cell-surface proteins so that immune system can keep an eye on whats going on inside every cell

Question 39

Two kinds of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) are ___ and ____ Where are they found?

Answer 39

MHC I: on surface of every nucleated cell in the body MHC II: only certain special cells have them

Question 40

Function of MHC I

Answer 40

Randomly pick up peptides from the inside of the cell and display them on the surface allowing T-cells to monitor cellular contents EX: cell with protein gets piece of protein exposed by MHC I and T-killer cell comes to destroy it

Question 41

Function of MHC II

Answer 41

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) that phagocyte proteins or cells and display fragments using the MHC II display system when T helpers then recognize and bind to

Question 42

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 42

MHC II and macrophages and B cells

Question 43

MHC II Display System alerts T-helpers and they bind to the cell

Answer 43

T-helper will activate B-cells that are specific for that antigen and stimulate proliferation of T-killer cells Activated B-cells mature into plasma cells and secrete antibodies specific for the antigen

Question 44

Full activation of T cells only occurs when

Answer 44

T cell binds to both antigen and the MHC molecule

Question 45

Bone Marrow

Answer 45

Site of synthesis of all the cells of blood from stem cells

Question 46

Spleen

Answer 46

Filters the blood and is a site of immune cell interactions like lymph nodes Destroys aged RBC

Question 47

Thymus

Answer 47

Site of T cell maturation Shrinks in size in adults because the maturation of the immune system and T cells are most active in children

Question 48

Tonsils

Answer 48

Masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the throat which help catch pathogens that enter the body via respiration or ingestion Not required for survival, removed if infected

Question 49

Appendix

Answer 49

Found near the beginning of the large intestine Mass of lymphatic tissue which helps catch pathogens that enter the body Not required for survival, removed if infected

Question 50

Tolerance of the immune system

Answer 50

Ideally, the immune system should only destroy foreign antigens, not its normal proteins and cell structures

Question 51

Self antigens

Answer 51

Antigens destroying normal cells

Question 52

How does the body deal with the production of self-antigens

Answer 52

B-cells and T-cells must go through a selection process in order to eliminate self-reactive cells

Question 53

B-cells the selection process to prevent self-antigens occurs in the

Answer 53

Bone Marrow and lymph nodes

Question 54

B-cells whose surface receptors bind to normal cell surface proteins are B-cells whose surface receptors bind to normal soluble proteins

Answer 54

Induced to die through apoptosis Become unresponsive or anergic

Question 55

T cells the selection process to prevent self-antigens occurs in the

Answer 55

Thymus or lymph nodes

Question 56

Immature T-cells whose receptors bind normal proteins become

Answer 56

Anergic

Question 57

Clone selection is. response to antigen recognition process in T-cells vs B-cells

Answer 57

Same

Question 58

Autoimmune reaction

Answer 58

Immune system attacks normal body cells or proteins i.e., diabetes, arthritis, Grave's disease, myasthenia graves and celiac disease

Question 59

Autoimmune diseases are often treated with

Answer 59

Immuno-suppresant drugs with steroids to reduce inflammatory response