Prokaryote Cells Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
Cell Theory
A
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells and their products
- Cells are the monomer for any organism
- New cells arise from pre-existing, living cells
2
Q
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
A
P do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
3
Q
Prokaryotes include three classes:
A
Bacteria, arched and blue-green algae
4
Q
Taxonomy
A
Classification of living organisms
5
Q
Largest taxonomic division is the
A
Domain
6
Q
Three domains:
A
Archea, eukaryotes and bacteria
7
Q
Each domain can be further divided into
A
Kingdoms
8
Q
The three eurkayotic kingdoms are
A
Anamilia, plantae and fungi
9
Q
Protists
A
Single-celled eukaryotes
10
Q
Prokaryotic genome is a
A
Single double-stranded circular DNA chromosome
11
Q
In bacteria, transcription and translation occur
Translation occurs via
A
Simultaneously in the cytoplasm
Multiple ribosomes translate the RNA simultaneously before it is done being transcribed
12
Q
Are E and P ribosomes the same?
A
No
13
Q
Plasmid
A
Circular piece of double-stranded DNA which is much smaller than the genome
14
Q
Plasmid are extrachromosomal genetic elements meaning they
A
Encode gene product which confer advantage upon a bacterium carrying the plasmic
ex: antibiotic resistant genes
15
Q
Plasmids are capable of autonomous replication meaning
A
Single plasmid molecule within a bacterial cell may cause itself to be replicated into many copies
16
Q
Conjugation
A
Plasmids also orchestrate bacterial exchange of genetic information
17
Q
Many cocci / one coccus
A
Round bacteria
18
Q
Many bacilli / one bacillus
A
Rod-shaped bacteria
19
Q
Many spirochetes or spirilla / one spirochete or spirillum
A
Spiral-shaped bacteria
20
Q
Bacterial cell wall is composed of
A
Peptidoglycan which is cross-linked chains made of sugars and AA including D-alanine (not found in animal cells)
21
Q
Protoplast
A
Osmotically fragile structure created by the lysozyme tearing the bacterial cell wall
22
Q
Gram staining
A
Method of classification based on which bacteria turn color
23
Q
Two groupings in gram staining:
A
Gram positive, stain a strong dark purple
Gram negative, stain a weak light pink color
24
Q
Gram positive bacteria have a
A
Thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) outside the cell membrane and no layer beyond this
25
Gram negative bacteria have a
Thinner peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) but have an additional outer layer containing lipopolysaccharide
26
Periplasmic space
Intermediate layer between the cell membrane and cell wall in gram negative bacteria
Found here are enzymes that degrade antibiotics
Increased protection from environment is cause for weak staining
27
Capsule / glycocalyx
Sticky layer of polysaccharide "goo" surrounding the cell and often an entire colony of bacteria
Makes it harder for the immune system to eradicate bacteria and enables bacteria to stick to smooth surfaces
28
Flagella
Bacteria mobility, only meaning of locomotion
29
Motile
Bacteria with one or more flagella
30
Monotrichous
Flagella are only on one end
31
Amphitrichous
Flagella located on both ends
32
Peritrichous
Multiple flagella
33
Three components of flagella
Filament, hook and basal structure
34
Basal structure of flagella function
Anchor flagella and rotate the rod/flagellum
35
Most important thing to remember about the prokaryotic flagella is that its structure is
different from the eukaryotic one
36
Pili
Long projections on the bacterial surface involved in attaching to different surfaces
37
Sex pilus
Attaching F+ (male) and F- (Female) bacteria which facilitated formation of conjugated bridges
38
Fimbriae
Smaller structures not involved in locomotion or conjugation but involved in adhering to surfaces
39
Mesophiles
Bacteria that favor mild temperatures similar to the ones humans favor (30 deg C)
40
Thermophiles
Heat lovers
41
Psychrophiles
Cold lovers
42
Autotrophs
Utilize CO2 as carbon source
43
Heterotrophs
Use organic nutrients created from other living things as energy source
44
Chemotrophs
Energy from chemicals
45
Phototrophs
Energy from light
46
Each bacterium is either a ___ or ___ and a ___ or ___
Autotroph or heterotroph
and a
Chemotroph or phototroph
47
Chemoautotrophs
Build organic macromolecules from CO2 using energy of chemicals
48
Chemoheterotrophs
Require organic molecules made by other organisms as carbon source and for energy (US)
49
Photoautotrophs
Use CO2 as carbon source and obtain energy from sun (Plant)
50
Photoheterotrophs
Get energy from sun but require an organic molecule made by another organism as energy source
51
Medium gets put on a Petri dish via ___
| What is the medium?
Plating
| Growth environment of bacteria
52
When a bacterium grows on a plate, it will give rise to many progeny in a
Colony
53
Minimal medium
Glucose with agar
54
Wild-type bacterium
Normal to particular species
55
Bacterial lawn vs a plaque
Dense growth of bacteria seen in Petri dishes
Plaque is a clear area in the lawn result of death caused by lytic viruses or toxins
56
Doubling time
Amount of time required for a population of bacteria to double its number... varies depending on conditions
57
Auxotroph
Cannot survive on minimal medium because it cant synthesize a molecule it needs to live
Results from a mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme in. as synthetic pathway
58
Lac + vs Lac - bacterium
Lac +: needs lactose in medium for survival
Lac-: will die if lactose is in medium
59
Obligate aerobes
Need oxygen
60
Anaerobes
No oxygen required
61
Facultative anaerobes
Use oxygen when it is around but dont need it
62
Tolerant anaerobes
Can grow in presence of oxygen but do not use it in their metabolism
63
Obligate anaerobes
Poisoned by oxygen
64
Respiration is glucose catabolism with use of ______
Fermentation is glucose catabolism which gives off ____
inorganic electron acceptor (O2)
By-product and does not use inorganic electron acceptor
65
Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose metabolism with electron transport and oxidation phosphorylation relying on external electron acceptor other than O2
66
How do bacteria cells reproduce?
Grow until they are large enough and have enough components for two cells and then they divide
67
Binary Fission
Bacteria grow until they are large enough and have enough components for two cells and then they divide
68
How is asexual reproduction different in P & E?
E go through mitosis and P don't
69
Although bacteria do not reproduce sexually they do exchange genetic material via
Conjugation
70
Log phase
In optimal conditions, population growth is exponential meaning the log of the population size grows linearly with time
71
Lag phase
Prior to exponential growth, bacteria that were not previously growing undergo a lag phase during which cell division does not occur even if the growth conditions are ideal
72
Stationary phase
Growth medium metabolites are depleted and waste products accumulate the cells cease to divide for lack of nutrients
73
Carrying capacity
Maximum population at the stationary phase
74
Death phase
Last stages of the stationary phase, cell death may occur due to the mediums inability to support growth
75
Endospores
Tough, thick external shells comprised of peptidoglycan formed under unfavorable growth conditions
76
Within the endospore is the
Genome, ribosomes and RNA required for the spore to be metabolically active when conditions become favorable
77
Germination
Metabolic reactivation of an endospore
78
A single bacterium is only able to form
Therefore, bacteria:
One endospore per cell
cannot increase population via endospore formation
79
Forming an endospore is like
Hibernation... Bacteria will do it to sleep through the bad times (stationary phase)
80
Bacteria have three mechanisms for exchanging DNA information
None of which have anything to do with
Transduction, transformation and conjugation
Reproduction
81
Transduction
Lysogenic cycle complication where DNA enters other host cell from previous host cell
82
Transformation
DNa is added to a bacterial culture, the bacteria internalize the DNA in certain conditions and gain information from the DNA
83
Conjugation
Bacteria make physical contact to form a bridge between the cells
84
In conjugation, one cell copies DNA and this information is
Transferred to the bridge to the other cell
85
A key bacterial conjugation is an extrachromosomal element known as the
Transmission of the F factor is
Fertility factor (F)
Unidirectional
86
Bacteria with the F+ factor are ___ and will transfer their DNA to ____
Bacteria without the F factor (F-) will
Male and will transfer their info to the F- (female) bacteria
Receive the F+ factor and become male
87
Although the F factor is extrachromosomal, it does sometimes become
Integrated into the bacterial chromosomes through recombination
88
Hfr (High frequency of recombination) cell
Cell with F factor integrated into the genome
89
Conjugation mapping
Stopping conjugation at certain time intervals allows scientists to make the DNA genome of the bacterial chromosomes by analyzing recipient cells to see which genes were transferred
90
Archaea
Bacteria that live in most extreme environments
91
Structurally archaea differ from bacteria in that they
Lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall
Share traits with E including introns and similar mRNA sequences
Single celled and reproduce via fission or budding
92
Parasitic bacteria can either be
Obligate:
or Facultative:
Must be inside a host cell to replicate
Can live and reproduce inside or outside the host cell
93
Parasite
Damage is being done to the host cell
Modulate the course of damage to be able to feed off the host for nutrients
94
T-cells
T-cell deficiency:
Responsible for monitoring cellular contents
deficiency: hard time fighting off bacterial and viral infections
95
Symbiotic bacteria
Coexist with a host and both derive benefit
Don't survive long outside of the symbiotic environment
