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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

At a cellular level the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

A

By simple diffusion across the plasma membrane

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

Simple movement of air into and out of the lungs

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3
Q

Respiration

A

Actual exchange of gases (between the lungs and blood or the blood and other tissues)

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4
Q

Conduction zone

A

Participate ONLY in ventilation

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5
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Participate ONLY in gas exchange/respiration

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6
Q

Tasks of the respiratory system (40

A

pH regulation
Thermoregulation
Respiration/ventilation
Protection from disease and particles

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7
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation (too much breathing) causes pH of the blood to increase because CO2 converted into carbonic acid is expelled

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8
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Hypoventilation (too little breathing) causes acidification of the blood because the carbonic acid from CO2 is not expelled

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9
Q

Thermoregulation by. the respiratory system

A

Breathing can result in heat loss via evaporative water loss

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10
Q

Mucociliary escalator and alveolar macrophages

A

Protect us from harmful inhaled particles

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11
Q

Inhaled air follows this pathway:

A

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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12
Q

Pharynx

A

Throat

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13
Q

Larynx 3 functions

A

Below pharynx
Cartilage portion keeps airway open
Epiglottis seals the trachea during swallowing to prevent entry of food into respiratory system
Vocal cords prod. sound

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14
Q

Trachea

A

Remains open to permit air flow rings of cartilage prevent its collapse

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15
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Two trachea branches each going to one lung

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16
Q

Bronchioles

A

Very small bronchi made of smooth muscle allowing regulation of airflow into the system

Too thick of walls to allow respiration, only ventilation occurs

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17
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Final branches of conduction zone

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18
Q

Alveolus (alveoli plural)

A

Structures in which gas diffuses walls are only one cell thick

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19
Q

Alveolar duct

A

Duct leading to the alveoli from the respiratory bronchiole

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20
Q

Respiratory bronchiole

A

Smooth muscle tube similar to the terminal bronchioles except it has alveoli on the walls allowing gas exchange

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21
Q

Entire respiratory track is lined with

A

Epithelial cells

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22
Q

Epithelial cells in the respiratory track from the nose to the bronchioles are columnar meaning

A

Too thick to exchange in gas exchange, only provide a conduit for air

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23
Q

Goblet cells

A

Specialized columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus

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24
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A

Upper respiratory track epithelial cells have cilia to sweep the mucus toward the pharynx where it is coughed out as mucus

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25
Simple squamous epithelial cells
Single layer of cells that allows respiration | Principle lining of the alveoli walls
26
Alveolar macrophages
Prevent the alveoli gas exchange centers from getting covered in layer of mucus by engulfing foreign particles
27
Surfactant
Coats the alveoli to reduce surface tension and prevent collapse when exposed to water
28
Pulmonary ventilation
Exchange of air into and out of the lungs to replace gases in the alveoli with those in the atmosphere
29
Inspiration and expiration
Inspiration: drawing air into lungs (active process driven by diaphragm contraction) Expiration: air out of lungs (passive, elastic recoil of the lungs)
30
Each lung is surrounded by two membranes
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
31
Pariteal pleura
Lines inside of the cheat cavity
32
Visceral pleura
Lines surface of lungs
33
Pleural space
Between the two pleura (membranes around the lungs)
34
Pressure in the pleural space
Negative 2 membranes are drawn tightly together like a vacuum and fluid keeps the surface tension Keeps the surface of lungs drawn up against chest wall
35
Intercostal muscles
Between the ribs also contract during inspiration, pulling the ribs upward and further expanding the chest cavity
36
Forced expiration
Active process During exertion, contraction of the abdominal muscles helps the expiration process by pressing upward on the diaphragm, further shrinking the size of the lungs and forcing more air out
37
During inspiration, the pressure of air in the alveoli and pleural space:
1. Diaphragm contacts and flattens (moves down) 2. Volume of chest cavity expands 3. Pleural space decreases, more negative 4. Lungs expand outward 5. Pressure in the alveoli becomes negative 6. Air enters lungs and alveoli
38
Spirometry
Measurement of volume of air entering or exiting the lungs at various stages of ventilation
39
Spirometer
Device used to measure spirometry (vol of air entering/exiting lungs)
40
Tidal volume
Normal light breathing and is equal to 10 percent of the total lung capacity
41
Expiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be expired after a passive resting expiration
42
Inspiratory reserve volume
Volume of air that can be inspired after a relaxed inspiration
43
Functional residual capacity
Volume of air left in the lungs after resting expiration
44
Inspiratory capacity
Max volume of air which can be inhaled after a resting inspiration
45
Residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after strongest possible exhalation
46
Vital capacity
Max amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath
47
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity plus the residual volume (Amount of air remaining in the lungs after strongest possible exhalation) + (Max amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath) = TLC
48
Pulmonary/alveolar capillaries
Branching of the pulmonary veins supplying deoxygenated blood to the lungs leads to these
49
Pulmonary edema
When pressure in left atrium is increased past a certain point, not only do the veins dilate but the pressure in the capillaries increases and fluid is drawn out of the capillaries and into the lungs
50
Normal the lymphatic system prevents pulmonary edema by
Carrying interstitial fluid out of the lungs
51
Primary structure of the lungs allowing it to expose large amounts of blood to large amounts of air
Large surface area
52
Henry's Law
Amount of gas that will dissolve into a liquid is dependent on the partial pressure and solubility in the liquid [O2]= (Partial pressure) x (solubility) Inc pressure, inc amount of gas dissolved in a liquid
53
Gases become _____ solute in liquid when temperature increases
Less
54
Driving force for evangelical of gases in the lungs
Difference in partial pressure between the alveolar air and the blood
55
For diffusion of a gas into the bloodstream what must occur: (3)
1. Pass alveolar epithelial 2. Through interstitial liquid 3. Across capillary endothelium
56
Respiratory membrane includes (3)
1. Pass alveolar epithelial 2. Through interstitial liquid 3. Across capillary endothelium
57
Respiratory control center is located
In the medulla of the brainstem
58
Chemical stimuli affecting RR
Decreased pH due to increased CO2 presence
59
Peripheral chemoreceptors: | Located ___ and measure ___
``` In aorta and carotid arteries Measure P(CO2), P(O2), and pH ```
60
Central Chemoreceptors: | Located ___ and measure ___
Medulla | Measure pH and P(CO2) of the CSF
61
Mechanical stimuli affecting RR
Physical stretching of lungs (stimulates inhibitory signals involved in respiration) and irritants
62
Bronchoconstriction
Contraction of the smooth muscle that prevents irritants from entering passageways
63
Irritant receptors
Trigger coughing and/or bronchoconstriction when an irritating chemical is detected

My MCAT Biology (13 decks)

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