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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. trasport dietary lipids
  3. carry out immune responses
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2
Q

how does the lymphatic system drain excess interstitial fluid

A
  • returns fluid to the bloodstream
  • maintains blood volume
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3
Q

how does the lymphatic system transport dietary lipids?

A
  • lipids are absorbed in the GI tract
  • return lipids to the bloodstream
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4
Q

How does the lymphatic system carry out immune responses?

A

produces and directs lymphocytes

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5
Q

what is required for transport in the lymphatic system?

A
  • lymphatic capillaries
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymphatic trunks
  • lymphatic ducts
    15% of fluid goes into these lymphatic vessels and return to the blood stream
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6
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

** Greater permeability than blood capillaries
- Larger in diameter
- Closed at one end
- Cells that make up the wall overlap (allow fluid in, but not out)
- Attached by anchoring filaments to surrounding tissues

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7
Q

slide 6 and 7

A

not location of lymphatic capillaries location to blood capillaries
- let fluid in but not out - lymph capillaries

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8
Q

what part of the small intestine villi are part of the lymphatic system?

A

lacteals are part of the lymphatic system

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9
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • Lymphatic capillaries unite to form vessels
  • Lymphatic vessels resemble small veins
  • Along the vessels are lymph nodes
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10
Q

how do lymphatic vessels resemble small veins?

A

Thinner walls, more valves

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11
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

as lymph vessels exit nodes, they join with other lymph vessels to form trunks
- all lymph from the lower extremities drain into the lumbar trunks

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12
Q

what are the 9 lymphatic trunks?

A
  • Lumbar (2)
  • Intestinal (1)
  • Bronchomediatinal (2)
  • Subclavian (2)
  • Jugular (2)
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13
Q

what drains into the lumbar trunks?

A

**lower limbs
- pelvis
- kidneys
- adrenal glands
- abdominal wall

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14
Q

what drains into the intestinal trunk?

A
  • stomach
  • intestines
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • liver
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15
Q

what drains into the bronchomediastinal trunks?

A
  • thoracic wall
  • lungs
  • heart
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16
Q

what drains into the subclavian trunks?

A

**upper limbs

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17
Q

What drains into the jugular trunks?

A

head and neck

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18
Q

what are the lymphatic ducts?

A
  • thoracic duct
  • right lymphatic duct
    all lymphatic trunks drain into these 2 ducts
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19
Q

majority of all lymph drains into what duct?

A

thoracic duct
slide 13 diagram

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20
Q

Thoracic duct?

A

15-18” long
- Receives additional lymph from lt. jugular, lt. subclavian, and lt. bronchomediastinal trunks
** Drains into venous blood at the junction of Left Internal Jugular and Subclavian Veins (brachiocephalic vein)**

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21
Q

where does the thoracic duct start?

A

**starts anterior to L2 in a structure called the Cisterna Chyli (junction of right and lefts lumbar and intestinal trunks)

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22
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

0.5” long
- Receives lymph from Right Jugular, Right Subclavian, and Right Bronchomediastinal trunks
- Drains into venous blood at the junction of the Right Internal Jugular and Subclavian Veins

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23
Q

**Slide 18 diagram **

Study These Flashcards
A

KNOW HOW TO LABEL IT

23
Q

where does the thoracic duct pass through?

Study These Flashcards
A

the aortic hiatus

24
Formation of lymph
- More fluid is filtered by blood capillaries than reabsorbed - Excess filtered fluid (3 L/day) drains into lymphatic vessels and becomes lymph - Also serves to return any proteins that may have been lost from the blood capillaries (lymphatic capillaries more permeable)
25
return of lymph is aided by what?
1. skeletal muscle pump 2. respiratory pump 3. valves - no assistance from the heart
26
lymph takes how long to go around the body and back into the blood stream?
hours
27
immune response (lymphatic)
- specific lymphatic organs and issues involved
28
what are the two groups of lymphatics in immune response?
1. primary lymphatic organs 2. secondary lymphatic organs
29
what are primary lymphatic organs?
Stem cells divide and become competent - Capable of mounting an immune response
30
what are the 2 primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow - B Lymphocytes (mature in the bones) and pre-T lymphocytes (migrate to thymus to become competent) Thymus - T lymphocytes become immunocompetent
31
what bones are capable of producing red bone marrow?
- skull - proximal ends of humerus and femur - medial ends of clavicle - ribs - sternum - vertebrae - scapula
32
what is the thymus?
- Mediastinum between the sternum and aorta - Most active in neonates and pre-adolescents - Has both endocrine and lymphatic functions
33
what is secondary lymphatic tissue?
sites where most immune response occurs - lymph nodes - spleen - lymphatic nodules or follicles
34
how many lymph nodes are present in the human body?
about 600
35
where are large groups of lymph nodes present?
mammary, axilla and groin areas
36
how do lymph nodes act as filters?
- Macrophages trap and destroy foreign bodies - Lymphocytes destroy others by immune response - Lymph passes through many filters before returning to the blood
37
where are clusters of lymph nodes present?
- cervical - axillary - thoracic - abdominal - pelvic - inguinal
38
spleen
- Largest single mass of lymphatic tissue *Initiates an immune response by B cells and T cells* - Removes abnormal blood cells - Phagocytosis - Store iron from recycled RBC’s - Storage of platelets (1/3 of body supply) - Produces blood cells in a fetus
39
slide 30 understand where the spleen is
- lateral to the stomach
40
what are the lymphatic nodules?
- MALT - Peyer's patches (ileum) - Tonsils
41
what is MALT and where is it located?
- mucosa associated lymphatic tissue - mucous membranes of GI, urinary, reproductive tracts, and respiratory airways
42
where are the tonsil nodules?
- Pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid (nasopharynx) - Palatine tonsils (side of the oral cavity) - Lingual tonsils (base of tongue)
43
what are the two kinds of immunity?
innate - non-specific adaptive - specific
44
what is innate immunity?
1st Line of defense – Intact skin and mucous membranes 2nd Line of defense - Natural Killer Cells - Phagocytes - Inflammation - Fever
45
What are natural killer cells?
- 5% to 10% of lymphocytes - Red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes - Kill infected cells, tumour cells, viruses, or abnormal cells - Do not need prior exposure or activation
46
what are phagocytes?
1. neurophils 2. macrophages - ingest microbes or cellular debris
47
what is pus?
- Collection of dead cells and fluid - Result of most inflammatory reactions
48
what is inflammation?
Non-specific response to tissue damage - Pain - Redness - Immobility - Heat - Swelling Redness, and swelling are from increased blood flow to the area, bringing in phagocytes and other things to help with tissue repair
49
What are the 3 steps of the inflammatory response?
1. Vasodilation and increased blood flow and increased permeability of capillaries 2. Emigration of phagocytes from the blood to the interstitial fluid 3. Tissue repair
50
fever
- Abnormally high body temperature - Result of infection or inflammation - Inhibits the growth of some microbes - Speeds up body reactions that aid in repair
51
what is adaptive immunity
- Body’s ability to defend against specific bacteria, viruses, toxins… - Anything foreign that is recognized is called an ANTIGEN - Involves B and T Lymphocytes - Vaccinations!! Antigens are pretreated to trigger an immune response but not cause significant illness
52
B lymphocytes
- Produced in bone marrow - Produce antibodies in response to specific antigens - Also produce memory cells to remember that specific antigen
53
What produces antibodies?
B Lymphocytes produce antiBodies
54
T Lymphocytes
- Precursor cells are produced in bone marrow - Mature in Thymus - produce memory T cells
55
types of T lymphocytes
- Helper T cell (CD4 T cell) - Cytotoxic T cell (CD8 T cell)
56
Cytotoxic T cell (CD8 T cell)
- Act the same way was the natural killer cells but have an antigen activation meaning it needs a specific antigen to attack - Kill infected cells, tumour cells, viruses, or abnormal cells

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (9 decks)

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