Reproductive System

Question 1

parts that make up female reproductive system?

Answer 1

• ovaries
• fallopian tubes
• uterus
• vagina
• mammary glands

Question 2

ovaries

Answer 2

• Size and shape of unshelled almonds
• Superior portion of pelvic inlet, lateral to the uterus

Question 3

what do ovaries produce?

Answer 3

gametes and hormones

Question 4

what hormones do the ovaries produce?

Answer 4

• Progesterone
• Estrogen
• Inhibin
• Relaxin

Question 5

diagram slide 4-5

Answer 5

know how to label ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovarian ligament, fimbriae

Question 6

Oogensis

Answer 6

• formation of gametes
  ** begins during fetal development

Question 7

oogonia

Answer 7

• Diploid stem cells
• Undergo mitosis during fetal development to produce millions of germ cells
• Most degenerate before birth
• A few develop into larger cells called primary oocytes

Question 8

development of primary oocytes

Answer 8

• Around 400,000
• Primary oocytes begin meiosis during fetal development but do not complete it until after puberty

Question 9

primary and secondary oocyte formation

Answer 9

• With females, each oogonium or primary oocyte produces 1 secondary oocyte
• Primary oocytes are surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells = Primordial Follicle
• Each month after puberty (until menopause), FSH and LH (from the anterior pituitary) stimulate the development of several primordial follicles
• Before maturation, the primary oocyte completes meiosis I and forms 2 haploid structures; First polar body and Secondary oocyte
• Typically, only 1 primary oocyte reaches maturity; More than 1 leads to the possibility of having fraternal twins
• If a sperm cell joins with the secondary oocyte > zygote (2 n)

Question 10

what is the purpose of the first polar body?

Answer 10

to have half the genetic material in the secondary oocyte, so it can join with spermatogonia to complete the genetic material
- firs polar body is discarded

Question 11

how do ovarian cysts form?

Answer 11

Ovarian cysts can form if the mature follicle does not rupture and discharge the secondary oocyte.

Question 12

diagram slide 8 - 9

Answer 12

cycle of oogenesis

Question 13

fallopian tubes

Answer 13

• 4” or 10 cm long; Extend laterally from the uterus; Fimbriae (lateral end) are finger-like projections that surround the ovaries
• Fimbriae sweep the ovulated secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube
• Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tubes
• The zygote takes 6 to 7 days to arrive to the uterus

Question 14

anteflexion

Answer 14

forward flexion

Question 15

uterus

Answer 15

• Site of implantation of the fertilized ovum
• Size and shape of an inverted pear
• Anteflexion is the normal position over the bladder

Question 16

parts of the male reproductive system

Answer 16

• testes
• accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicles)
• seminiferous tubules
• penis

Question 17

slide 19

Answer 17

be able to label

Question 18

testes

Answer 18

• Oval glands (2” or 5 cm long, 1” or 2.5 cm in diameter)
• Produce sperm and hormones
• Develop near the kidneys
• Descend into the scrotum through inguinal canals (around 7 month mark)
• The testes must be kept outside the body as normal sperm production requires 2 to 3C below core body temperature

Question 19

slide 21

Answer 19

know parts that have stars beside them

Question 20

spematogenesis

Answer 20

• Takes 65 – 75 days
• Begins at puberty and continues for the life of the male
• Spermatogonia (2 n) are the stem cells
• Undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2 n)
• Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes (n)
• Undergo meiosis II to form 4 haploid spermatids
• Undergo spermiogenesis to form 4 spermatozoa or sperm cells

Question 21

slide 23

Answer 21

process of sperm formation

Question 22

spermatogenesis

Answer 22

• Occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
• Maturation of the sperm occurs in the epididymis (acquire motility)
• Epididymis also stores sperm
• Do not confuse the seminiferous tubules which are part of the testes with the seminal vesicles that are accessary glands that produce the majority of the volume of semen.

Question 23

slide 25 and 27 and 31

Answer 23

be able to label
- epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, protosthatic urethra, seminal vesicle
- glands and ducts in slide 31

Question 24

ducts

Answer 24

• vas deferens (or ductus deferens)
• ejaculatory duct

Question 25

vas deferens

Answer 25

- Begins at the tail of the epididymis 18” or 45 cm long - May also store sperm - Eventually terminates at the ejaculatory duct

Question 26

vasectomy

Answer 26

Cutting (vasectomy) and tying off of the vas deferens is a permanent form of birth control. Even though the male continues to produce sperm, the sperm has no way of getting to the urethra during ejaculation.

Question 27

ejaculatory duct

Answer 27

Formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicles

Question 28

urethra

Answer 28

1. prostatic 2. membranous 3. spongy - common passageway for sperm and urine

Question 29

accessory glands of male reproductive system

Answer 29

- seminal vesicles - prostate

Question 30

seminal vesicles

Answer 30

- Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid - Neutralize the acidic urethra and female reproductive tract - 60% of the volume of semen

Question 31

prostate

Answer 31

- Doughnut shaped gland about the size of a golf ball - Inferior to bladder surrounding prostatic urethra - Expands rapidly until about the age of 30 > remains stable until 45, then may start to grow again - Contributes to sperm motility and viability - 25% of semen

Question 32

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

Answer 32

- Paired glands about the size of peas - Secrete an alkaline fluid into the spongy urethra - Neutralizes the acidic urethra and lubricates the lining of the urethra and end of the penis - 15% of semen

Question 33

semen

Answer 33

- Mixture of sperm and seminal fluids - Typical ejaculation contains 50-150 million sperm/mL - Below 20 million/mL…sterility - Alkaline pH