Muscular System Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
what are the functions of muscles?
A
- motion
- movement of substances within the body
- stabilizing body position
- thermogenesis
2
Q
criteria for naming muscles?
A
- direction of muscle fibers
- location
- size
- number of origins
- action
- origin and insertion
- shape
3
Q
origin
A
site that does not move during the contraction
- typically more proximal
4
Q
insertion
A
site that moves during the contraction
- typically more distal
5
Q
action
A
- movement
- when muscles contract, they shorten and pull on a bone
6
Q
coordination among muscles
A
Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing or ANTAGONISTIC pairs at joints
7
Q
prime mover (agonist)
A
- causes the desired movement
8
Q
Antagonist
A
the opposing muscle relaxes
9
Q
rectus
A
parallel to midline
10
Q
synergist
A
steadies a movement
11
Q
latissimus
A
widest
12
Q
movement
A
- exert a force on tendons and in turn pull on bones
- cross at least one joint
- muscles that surround a long bone, do not typically move that bone
13
Q
when muscles pull on bones
A
- move in one direction - the direction of the fibers
- therefore, opposing muscle (antagonist) must stretch during the movement - and then becomes the primary mover to return to the resting position
14
Q
serratus
A
saw toothed
15
Q
flexion and extension of the elbow
A
- bicep is the primary mover when flexing the elbow; tricep is the antagonist
- tricep is primary mover when extending the elbow; bicep is the antagonist
16
Q
tendon
A
connects muscle to bones
17
Q
ligaments
A
connects bones to bones
- ACL - femur to tibia
18
Q
Sternocleidomastoids ORIGIN
A
manubrium and medial end of clavicle
19
Q
Sternocleidomastoids INSERTION
A
Mastoid process and sup nuchal line of occipital bones
20
Q
Sternocleidomastoids movement
A
- Together – lift chin (extend neck
- Singular – laterally flex to same side (tilt vertex), rotate nose to opposite side
21
Q
superficial muscles of the trunk/back
A
back muscles act on the shoulder
22
Q
deep muscles of the back and trunk
A
back muscles extend the trunk and rotate the vertebral column
23
Q
anterior muscles of the trunk and back
A
trunk muscles form the anterior wall of the abdomen, support the viscera
24
Q
superficial back muscles
A
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- rhomboid major
- levator scapulae
- teres major
25
trapezius origin
Occipital bone; superior nuchal line; spinous process C1-T12
26
trapezius insertion
acromian and spine of scapula and clavicle
27
Latissiumus dorsi ORIGIN
Spines T7-L5; ribs 9-12; iliac and sacral crests
28
Latissimus dorsi insertion
bicipital groove of humerus
29
Levator scapula ORIGIN
transverse processes of C1-C4
30
Levator scapula INSERTION
medial, superior border of scapula
31
Rhomboids (major and minor) origin
spine C7-T5
32
Rhomboids (major and minor) insertion
medial or vertebral border of scapula
33
Latissimus Dorsi movement
cause lateral rotation of the shoulder
34
trapezius movement
move shoulder up and back
35
Levator scapula movement
lifts scapula upwards
36
Rhomboids major and minor movement
lateral movement of the scapula
37
**teres major origin**
post scapula at inferior angle
38
**teres major insertion**
medial part of bicipital groove
39
**teres major movement**
internally rotate shoulder
40
deep back muscles
erector spinae
- iliocostalis
- longissimus
- spinalis
41
erector spinae
- largest muscle mass of the back
- runs parallel to either side of the spine
- primary extensor of the vertebral column
- also important in controlling flexion, lateral flexion and rotation
- important in maintaining lumbar lordotic curve
42
anterior trunk muscles
- chest: deep and superficial
- respiratory
- abdominal
43
superficial chest muscles
pectoralis major
deltoid
44
**pectoralis major insertion
greater tubercle
45
**deltoid insertion
deltoid tuberosity
46
deep chest muscles
- pectoralis minor
- serrates anterior
47
pectoralis minor origin
ribs 2-5
48
pectoralis minor insertion
coracoid process
49
serrates anterior origin
ribs 1-8
50
serratus anterior insertion
medial border and inferior angle of scapula
51
serratus anterior movement
winging of scapula
52
external intercostals movement
elevator the ribs during inspiration (expand the thorax)
53
internal intercostal movement
draw the ribs together during forced expiration (decreases thoracic cavity)
54
Diaphragm
- most important muscle that powers breathing
- dome shaped
- 3 major openings
55
what are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm?
- aortic hiatus
- esophageal hiatus
- caval hiatus
56
aortic hiatus
located at T12
aorta, thoracic duct and azygos vein pass through here
57
Esophageal hiatus
Located at T10
esophagus and vagus nerve pass through here
58
caval hiatus
located at T8
IVC passes through
59
diaphragm movement
contraction of the diaphragm causes it to flatten
- increases dimension of thoracic cavity resulting in inspiration
60
slide 36
labelling diagram
61
slide 38
radiographic appearance of COPD or emphysema
62
anterior abdominal muscles
there are a few bony attachments on the anterior abdominal wall, so these muscles are formed in flat sheets of muscle extending from xiphoid and costal cartilages, to the pubis and around to the thick fascia on the back
63
origin of external oblique abdominal muscles
ribs 5-12
64
insertion of external oblique anterior abdominal muscles
linea alba and iliac crest
65
origin of internal oblique anterior abdominal muscles
iliac crest, inguinal ligament and thoracolumbar fascia
66
insertion of internal oblique anterior abdominal muscles
cartilage of ribs 7-10 and linea alba
67
origin of transversus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles
Cartilages of lower ribs; iliac crest and lumbar fascia
68
insertion of transversus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles
linea alba, xiphoid and pubis
69
action of rectus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles
depresses ribs, flexes vertebral column
- produces 6 pack classic appearance
70
origin of rectus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles
superior pubis
71
insertion of rectus abdominis anterior abdominal muscles
inferior surfaces of costal cartilages (ribs 5-7) and xiphoid process
72
slide 44 and 45 labelling
understand the levels of the abdomen muscles and direction
73
rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
- all combine to strengthen and stabilize the shoulder
74
origin of supraspinatus
supraspinous fossa
75
insertion of supraspinatus
greater tuberosity
76
origin of infraspinatus
infraspinous fossa
77
insertion of infraspinatus
greater tuberosity
78
origin of teres minor
lateral border of scapula
79
insertion of teres minor
greater tuberosity
80
origin of subscapularis
subscapular fossa
81
insertion of subscapularis
lesser tuberosity
82
slide 49-52
rotator cuff
83
what are the forearm flexors?
1. biceps brachii
2. brachialis
3. brachioradialis
4. triceps brachii
84
parts of biceps brachii
long head and short head
85
origin of long head of biceps brachii
superior part of glenoid
86
insertion of long head of biceps brachii
radial tuberosity
87
origin of short head of biceps brachii
coracoid process
88
insertion of short head of biceps brachii
radial tuberosity
89
slep lesion
superior labrum from anterior to posterior
tearing at origin of long head of biceps brachii muscle at the superior portion of the labrum
90
brachialis origin
distal anterior surface of humerus
91
brachialis insertion
ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
92
which flexor is the most powerful flexor of the elbow joint
brachialis
93
brachioradialis origin
lateral, distal humerus
94
brachioradialis insertion
superior to radial styloid process
95
diagrams between slide 54-59
understand forarm extensors
96
triceps brachii heads
long head, lateral head and medial head
97
long head triceps brachii origin
infraglenoid tubercle
98
insertion of long head triceps brachii
olecranon
99
origin of lateral head triceps brachii
lateral and posterior part of humerus
100
insertion of lateral head triceps brachii
olecranon
101
origin of medial head of triceps brachii
posterior humerus
102
insertion of medial head triceps brachii
olecranon
103
where do all the heads of the triceps brachii insert?
olecranon
104
anterior compartment
- flexes wrist and fingers
- pronation of forearm and hand
- ulnar (adduct) and radial (abduct) deviation
105
superficial muscles of the anterior compartment
- all originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
- all insert on the carpals or metacarpals - flexors of the hand and wrist
106
what is golfers elbow?
medial epicondylitis caused by overuse of the muscles on the anterior side of the forearm
107
superficial muscles of the posterior compartment
- all originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
- all insert on the carpals or metacarpals - extensors of the hand and wrist
108
what is tennis elbow?
lateral epicondylitis caused by overuse of the muscles on the posterior side of the forearm
109
iliopsoas muscle
key muscle in maintaining posture as well as hip flexion
110
what Is the iliopsoas muscle made up by
psoas major
iliacus
111
psoas major origin
T12
112
psoas major insertion
lesser trochanter
113
iliacus origin
sacrum and iliac fossa
114
iliacus insertion
lesser trochanter
115
sartorius
flexes, abducts and externally rotates hip
116
origin of sartorius
ASIS
117
insertion of sartorius
medial body of tibia
118
who is most prone to torn sartorius muscles or avulsing their ASIS?
adolescent sprinters/hurdlers
119
medial thigh muscles
1. adductor magnus
2. adductor longus
3. adductor brevis
4. pectineus
5. gracilis
120
what do all the medial thigh muscles do
adduct the hip
121
where do all the medial thigh muscles except for gracilis originate?
pubic bone
122
where do all the medial thigh muscles except for gracilis insert?
linea aspera
123
gracilis origin
pubic bone
124
gracilis insertion
medial, proximal tibia
125
what do the muscles on the posterior part of the hip do?
hip extension and abduction
- gluteal group
126
what makes up the gluteal group?
1. gluteus maximus
2. gluteus medius
3. gluteus minimus
127
origin of gluteal group?
ilium
128
insertion of gluteal group?
iliotibial tract (IT band) and greater trochanter
129
vastus mean?
huge
130
what muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?
1. rectus femoris
2. vastus lateralis
3. vastus medialis
4. vastus intermedius
131
where do the muscles of the quadriceps femoris insert?
All join together to form the quadriceps tendon, then patellar ligament, then INSERT on tibial tuberosity
132
slide 76
myositis ossificans
133
what muscles make up the hamstrings?
1. biceps femoris
2. semitendinosus
3. semimembranosus
134
where do the hamstrings cross?
cross both the hip and knee joints
- flexion at the knee
- extension at the hip
135
what makes up the biceps femoris?
long head and short head
136
biceps femoris long head origin
ischial tuberesity
137
biceps femoris long head insertion
head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
138
biceps femoris short head origin?
linea aspera
139
biceps femoris short head insertion?
head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
140
semitendinosus origin
ischial tuberosity
141
insertion of semitendinosus
proximal, medial surface of tibia
142
semimembranosus origin
ischial tuberosity
143
semimembranosus insertion
medial condyle of tibia
144
where does part of all three of the hamstring muscles originate?
ischial tuberosity
145
how do you acquire an image of an avulsed ischial tuberosity?
30 RPO if demoing the left
15 cephalad angle
146
anterior compartment of the lower leg movement?
dorsiflexion
147
parts of the anterior compartment of lower leg
1. Tibialis Anterior
2. Extensor Hallucis Longus
3. Extensor Digitorum Longus
4. Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
148
Tibias anterior movement
produces inversion and dorsiflexion of the foot
149
origin of tibialis anterior
lateral condyle of tibia and interosseous membrane
150
insertion of tibia's anterior
medial cuneiform nad 1st metatarsal
151
lateral compartment of lower leg movement?
responsible for plantar flexion and eversion
152
parts of lateral compartment of lower leg
fibular compartment
1. fibulas (peroneus) longus
2. fibulas (peroneus) brevis
153
superficial components of the posterior compartment of lower leg
1. gastrocnemius
2. soleus
3. plantaris
154
what do the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg join to become?
achilles tendon
155
gastrocnemius origin
lateral and medial femoral condyles
156
gastrocnemius insertion
calcaneus
157
soleus origin
head of fibula and medial tibia
158
soleus insertion
calcaneus
159
slide 90 fracture name
jones fracture
- part of foot could die if not treated
160
slide 91 fracture name
pseudo jones fracture
- caused by contracting tendon too hard
- no long term consequences
161
deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg
1. popliteus (flexes knee only)
2. tibialis posterior
3. flexor digitorum longus
4. flexor hallucis longus
162
what do the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg do?
plantar flex the foot at the ankle joint
163
what is the fabella?
normal calcification of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle
