Lymphatic System - Joe Notes Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Ability to fight off/resist an infection
A
Immunity
2
Q
2 Main functions if immune system
A
- ) Defense
2. ) Surveillance
3
Q
When is DEFENSE activated?
A
Upon entry of foreign microorganism
4
Q
5 Steps of Phagocytosis
A
- ) Tethering
- ) Rolling
- ) Adhesion
- ) Trans-Migration
- ) Phagocytosis
5
Q
Process wherein Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow?
A
Leukocytosis
6
Q
Process wherein Neutrophils cling to capillary wall?
A
Margination
7
Q
Process wherein Neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries?
A
Diapedesis
8
Q
Process wherein Neutrophils follow chemical trail?
A
Chemotaxis
9
Q
Arrange in eventful order:
Margination
Chemotaxis
Diapedesis
Leukocytosis
A
1 - Leukocytosis
2 - Margination
3 - Diapedesis
4 - Chemotaxis
- mneumonics - aLaM na DiC (“alam na this”)
10
Q
Neutrophils become deactivated after how many hours?
A
6-7 hours
11
Q
Hand of T-helper cell to recognize?
A
CD-3
12
Q
BACTERIAL infxns. end up as __________, while VIRAL infxns. end up as __________.
A
BACTERIAL - Antibodies
VIRAL - Lysis
13
Q
The Natural Killer (NK) cell recognizes MHC ___ of a healthy cell and does not kill it
A
MHC I
14
Q
__________ creates pores on the target cell
__________ enters through the pores and cause lysis of the cell
A
- Perforin
- Granzyme
15
Q
What type of T cell responds to viral infection?
What type of T cell responds to bacterial infection?
A
Cytotoxic T-Cell
Helper T-Cell
16
Q
Active cells within the organ supported by the stroma
A
Parenchyma (Lymphocytes)
17
Q
Supporting tissue of the lymph organ
A
Stroma
- Capsule
- Trabeculae
- Reticular Fibers
18
Q
Lymphatic System
consists of:
A
- ) Lymphatic vessels
2. ) Lymphoid tissues and organs
19
Q
Main function of lymphatic vessels, vein and artery
A
collect excess large particles and tissue fluid (lymph)
20
Q
Incoming/Afferent Lymph Vessel is CONCAVE or CONVEX
Outgoing/Efferent Lymph Vessel is CONCAVE or CONVEX
A
Convex
Concave
21
Q
Main cells of lymphatic vessels?
A
Lymphocytes
22
Q
3 Major types of Lymphocytes:
A
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
23
Q
Percentage of Circulating Pool of Lymphocytes?
A
70%
- 30 % do not circulate and stay in lymphatic tissue
24
Q
What cells compose the majority of circulating pool of Lymphocytes?
A
T Cells
25
Primary Lymph Organs are?
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
* this is where PRODUCTION and MATURATION occurs
* Pero generally production is Bone Marrow, Maturation lang mag differ wherein T Lymphocytes sa Thymus na. While ang B Lymphocytes sa Bone Marrow
26
Term used to define some lymphatic tissues being part of other organs from another body system?
MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
*in TONSILS - GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
other GALT's:
> Peyer's Patches
> Appendix
*in LUNGS - BALT (Bronchus-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
27
Where does production of T & B Lymphocytes occur?
Bone Marrow
28
Where does maturation of B & T Lymphocytes occur?
B Lymphocytes - Bone Marrow
T Lymphocytes - Thymus
29
Classification of Lymphoid Organs wherein its main function is to be a site of storage, differentiation and proliferation upon encounter with specific antigens
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
*ex. Lymph Nodes, Spleen and MALT
30
These are known to be networks of blind-ending capillaries in Loose Connective Tissue.
Lymphatic Vessels
* permeable ito siya to PROTEINS, even CELLS
31
After the Lymphatic Vessels remove substances and fluid from the extracellular spaces, what is formed?
Lymph Fluid
32
TRUE OR FALSE
Walls of Capillaries are more permeable than walls of Lymphatic Vessels?
FALSE
* Lymphatic vessels are more permeable to allow the entry of bacteria
33
Lymphocytes in lymph fluid enters the Lymph Nodes through the?
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
34
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels drain to?
Right Lymphatic Trunk
*which then drains to Right Subclavian Vein
35
Lymphycotes from the BLOOD enter through the?
High Endothelial Venule
*take note:
again pag entry of Lymphoctes na galing LYMPH FLUID - Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
pero if Lymphocytes na galing BLOOD - High Endothelial Venule
36
* Good to know nalang ito siguro
HIGH ENDOTHELIAL VENULE characteristics:
Endothelium: Tall and Plump
Basal Lamina: Thick
Perivascular Sheath: Concentrically arranged reticular fibroblasts
37
Accumulation if lymphatic tissue with NO CLEAR BOUNDARY?
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
- Commonly found sa GIT, GUT and RESPIRATORY PASSAGES
- Specifically in: LAMINA PROPRIA (subepithelial tissue/below epithelium)
38
These are organized into compact, somewhat CIRCUMSCRIBED structures. Also, may be present as solitary nodules or in masses forming confluent nodules.
Lymphatic Nodules (also called FOLLICLES)
39
Another term for Lymphatic Nodules?
Follicles
40
Incoming/Afferent Lymph Vessel is CONCAVE or CONVEX
Outgoing/Efferent Lymph Vessel is CONCAVE or CONVEX
Convex
Concave
41
Main cells of lymphatic vessels?
Lymphocytes
42
3 Major types of Lymphocytes:
- T cells
- B cells
- NK cells
43
Percentage of Circulating Pool of Lymphocytes?
70%
* 30 % do not circulate and stay in lymphatic tissue
44
What cells compose the majority of circulating pool of Lymphocytes?
T Cells
45
Primary Lymph Organs are?
- Bone Marrow
- Thymus
* this is where PRODUCTION and MATURATION occurs
* Pero generally production is Bone Marrow, Maturation lang mag differ wherein T Lymphocytes sa Thymus na. While ang B Lymphocytes sa Bone Marrow
46
Term used to define some lymphatic tissues being part of other organs from another body system?
MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
*in TONSILS - GALT (Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
other GALT's:
> Peyer's Patches
> Appendix
*in LUNGS - BALT (Bronchus-Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
47
Where does production of T & B Lymphocytes occur?
Bone Marrow
48
Where does maturation of B & T Lymphocytes occur?
B Lymphocytes - Bone Marrow
T Lymphocytes - Thymus
49
Classification of Lymphoid Organs wherein its main function is to be a site of storage, differentiation and proliferation upon encounter with specific antigens
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
*ex. Lymph Nodes, Spleen and MALT
50
These are known to be networks of blind-ending capillaries in Loose Connective Tissue.
Lymphatic Vessels
* permeable ito siya to PROTEINS, even CELLS
51
After the Lymphatic Vessels remove substances and fluid from the extracellular spaces, what is formed?
Lymph Fluid
52
TRUE OR FALSE
Walls of Capillaries are more permeable than walls of Lymphatic Vessels?
FALSE
* Lymphatic vessels are more permeable to allow the entry of bacteria
53
Lymphocytes in lymph fluid enters the Lymph Nodes through the?
Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
54
Efferent Lymphatic Vessels drain to?
Right Lymphatic Trunk
*which then drains to Right Subclavian Vein
55
Lymphycotes from the BLOOD enter through the?
High Endothelial Venule
*take note:
again pag entry of Lymphoctes na galing LYMPH FLUID - Afferent Lymphatic Vessels
pero if Lymphocytes na galing BLOOD - High Endothelial Venule
56
* Good to know nalang ito siguro
HIGH ENDOTHELIAL VENULE characteristics:
Endothelium: Tall and Plump
Basal Lamina: Thick
Perivascular Sheath: Concentrically arranged reticular fibroblasts
57
Accumulation if lymphatic tissue with NO CLEAR BOUNDARY?
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
- Commonly found sa GIT, GUT and RESPIRATORY PASSAGES
- Specifically in: LAMINA PROPRIA (subepithelial tissue/below epithelium)
58
These are organized into compact, somewhat CIRCUMSCRIBED structures. Also, may be present as solitary nodules or in masses forming confluent nodules.
Lymphatic Nodules (also called FOLLICLES)
59
Another term for Lymphatic Nodules?
Follicles
60
Classification of Lymphatic Nodule if it contains small lymphocytes which appears as a rounded collection of densely packed small lymphocytes.
Primary Lymphatic Nodule
*INACTIVE form kasi diba darkly stained sa gitna so hindi actively dividing (Euchromatin *charot) ang Lymphocytes
61
Classification of Lymphatic Nodule wherein it has distinctive features (Germinal Center and Mantle Zone/Corona)
Secondary Lymphatic Nodule
* GERMINAL CENTER - lightly stained area and only develops upon exposure if PRIMARY nodule to an antigen
* MANTLE ZONE/CORONA - outer ring of Lymphocytes around germinal centers
62
Where can Lymphatic Nodules be found:
- Tonsils
- Peyer's patches of the Ileum
- Appendix
63
On the TONSILS, where can Lymphatic Nodules be found?
Lymphatic Nodules can be found at the entrance of the Oropharynx (Pharyngeal)
64
Lining Epithelium of Pharyngeal Tonsils?
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
* with LYMPHATIC NODULE below
65
In Lingual and Palatine Tonsils, TAKE NOTE OF???
Crypts
66
Lining Epithelium of Crypts from the Lingual or Palatine Tonsils?
Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinized
67
Which of the ff. is the MAIN FUNCTION of the LYMPH NODES:
A. Filter Lymph, thereby promoting lymphocyte contact with antigen
B. Provides necessary microenvironment for antigen-dependent differentiation
C. AOTA
D. NOTA
C. AOTA
* gurl for retention rani HAHAHA kapoy na himog laing choices
68
In the lymph node, where can you specifically locate the EFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS?
HILUM
* ang Afferent is sa CONVEX SURFACE
* so technically CONCAVE shape diay ang Hilum kay associated man siya sa Efferent
DAVUHH?
69
What are the parenchyma's of the Lymph Node?
again pag Parenchyma - FUNCTIONAL CELLS
so
* T Cells
* B Cells
* Macrophages/Dendritic Cells
70
The capsule of the Lymph Node is made up of what type of connective tissue?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
71
What STROMA from the Lymph Node makes the extension of the capsule to the organ.
Trabeculae
72
Which among the STROMA's from the Lymph Node provide the supporting meshwork.
Reticular Tissue
73
The outer portion of the lymph node is referred to as what region?
Cortex
74
The CORTEX of the lymph node makes up the outer portion of the organ including the hilum?
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
*Hilum is not included
75
In the cortex of the Lymph Node, Lymphatic Tissues are arranged into?
Nodules
76
What makes up the nodules at the outer part of the Cortex of the Lymph Node?
B Cells
77
Cortex of Lymph Node is divided into?
Superficial Cortex (Outer Part)
Deep Cortex/Paracortex (Inner)
78
The Deep Cortex/Paracortex of the Lymph Node is made up of what type of cells?
T Cells
79
Describe the Pattern of the Superficial Cortex and Deep/Paracortex
Superficial Cortex - NODULAR
Deep Cortex/Paracortex - DIFFUSE
80
What do you call the inner part of the Lymph Node?
Medulla
81
In the medulla of the Lymph Node, Lymphatic tissues are arranged as?
A. Medullary Cord
B. Medullary Sinus
A. Medullary Cord
* Medullary Sinus divides the Medullary Cord
82
What divides the MEDULLARY CORDS in the Lymph Node?
Medullary Sinuses
83
Pathway for Lymph Filtration?
Afferent Lymphatic Vessel ---> Subcapsular Sinuses ---> Trabecular Sinuses ---> Medullary Sinuses
*Mneumonic: "Agay! SakiT Ma ba" *charot mema pero beke nemen
84
What is abundant in the parenchymal tissue of the MEDULLA?
Macrophages
*mag form silag meshwork na maka trap ug antigens and even cancer cells
85
In which Lymph Node layer can you find the High Endothelial Venule?
Deep Cortex
86
Lining Epithelium of High Endothelial Venule?
Columnar or Cuboidal Cells
87
It is considered to be the LARGEST Lymphatic organ?
Spleen
88
In what abdominal qudrant is the SPLEEN located?
Upper Left Quadrant
89
*NOTES:
IMMUNE FUNCTIONS of SPLEEN
1) MONITORING antigens in blood
2) PROLIFERATION of lymphocytes
3) Production of HUMORAL antibodies
HEMATOPOIETIC FUNCTIONS of SPLEEN
1) FORMATION of blood cells in FETAL life
2) REMOVAL and DESTRUCTION of RBCs & platelets
3) RETRIEVAL of iron from RBC hemoglobin
4) STORAGE of RBCs and platelets (more so in non-human species)
FAMILIARIZE LANG
90
What is part of the STROMA of the SPLEEN?
- Capsule
| - Trabeculae
91
Capsule of the Spleen is made up of what type of Connective Tissue?
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
92
What do you call the extensions of the capsule into the parenchyma of the spleen?
Trabeculae
93
Other term for White Pulp?
Malpighian Body
94
White and Red Pulps are found in what Lymphatic Organ?
Spleen
95
What is located in the middle of the White Pulp
Central Artery
*surrounded by PALS (Periarterial Lymphatic Sheath)
96
What surrounds the Central Artery in the Spleen?
Periarterial Lymphatic Sheath (PALS)
97
What appears red in fresh spleen samples? It contains large number of red cells.
Red Pulp
98
Red Pulp is composed of?
Splenic Sinuses and Splenic Cords
99
other term for SPLENIC CORDS?
Cords of Billroth
100
* Notes:
Splenic cords are also composed OF NUMEROUS RED CELLS and MACROPHAGES (these enguld and destroy old and damaged red cells)
GOOD TO KNOW!
101
This is a broad, flat, pyramid-shaped, bilobed organ, well encapsulated.
THYMUS
102
THYMUS is located in?
Superior Anterior Mediastinum
103
Functions of Thymus?
- Site of Maturation for Lymphocytes (T-Lymphocytes specifically)
- Production of Lymphocytes during fetal life
*So Primary Lymphoid Organ siya kasi may Production and Maturation
104
What serves as supporting structure for the Thymus parenchyma?
Reticular Connective Tissue
105
Capsule of Thymus is made up of what type of Connective Tissue?
Loose CT
106
What STROMA extends inwards and divides the THYMUS into lobules?
Septa
*familiarize ang terms. yung SEPTA and PARENCHYMA
107
What do you call the outer darker region/basophilic region of the Thymus?
The inner lighter portion?
Cortex
Medulla
108
What are the principal cellular components of the Thymus?
- T Lymphocytes (Thymocytes)
- Epithelioreticular Cells (6 Types)
- moderate number of Macrophages
109
What Type of Epithelireticular Cell?
- Found between CAPSULE and CORTEX or TRABECULAE and CORTEX
- Contains TIGHT JUNCTIONS (OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS)
- SEPERATES developing T cells from Capsule and Trabeculae
Type 1
110
What type of junctions are present in Type 1 Epithelioreticular cells?
Tight (Occluding) Junctions
111
What type of barrier does the Type 1 Epithelioreticular cells form?
Blood Testes Barrier
*since blood vessels run into the trabeculae
112
Its function is to prevent contact between the high concentrations of antigens circulating in the blood and the developing immature lymphocytes in the thymic cortex?
Blood Thymic Barrier
113
What Type of Epithelireticular Cell?
- Found within the CORTEX
- Involved in MATURATION of T Cells
Type 2
114
What Type of Epithelireticular Cell?
- Found between CORTEX and MEDULLA
- Contains TIGHT JUNCTIONS (OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS)
- SEPERATES developing CORTEX AND MEDULLA
Type 3
115
What types of Junction are present in Type 3 Epithelioreticular Cells?
Tight Junctions (Occluding Junctions)
116
What Type of Epithelireticular Cell?
- Found between MEDULLA and CORTEX
- Contains TIGHT JUNCTIONS (OCCLUDING JUNCTIONS)
- Creates BARRIER between MEDULLA and CORTEX
Type 4
117
What type of Junctions are present in Type 4 Epithelioreticular Cells?
Tight Junctions (Occluding Junctions)
118
What Type of Epithelireticular Cell?
- Found in the MEDULLA
- ORGANIZES the Mature T cells in the medulla
Type 5
119
What Type of Epithelireticular Cell?
- Produces the KERATOHYALINE granules which will later form the HASSAL'S CORPUSCLES
Type 6
120
What do you call the characteristic feature of Thymic Medulla?
Hassal's Corpuscle
