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102 > Lymphatics > Flashcards

Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Maintaining fluid balance
  • Immunity
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2
Q

What are 3 secondary functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Distribution of fluids and nutrients
  • Absorbing lipids from the small intestine
  • Haematopoiesis
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3
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Formation of new blood cells

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4
Q

Where does plasma filter into?

A

Interstitial spaces from capillaries

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5
Q

What happens when interstitial spaces receive plasma?

A
  • Cells receive nourishment
  • Cells discard waste material to tissue
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6
Q

What happens to waste material discarded by tissue?

A

Most of it is absorbed by tissue cells or re-enters the blood, a small percentage remains behind

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7
Q

What happens if too much fluid remains behind?

A
  • Oedema
  • Tissue destruction or death
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8
Q

What does the lymphatic system filter out?

A
  • organisms
  • toxic products
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9
Q

What are the two types of lymphatic filtration?

A
  • mechanical: particles
  • biological: phagocytosis
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10
Q

What happens if microorganisms infect the node?

A

lymphadenitis

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11
Q

What does the lymphatic system carry from the intestine?

A
  • Absorbed fat
  • Other nutrients
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12
Q

What is the final site for the maturation of some types of lymphocytes and monocytes?

A
  • The lymphoid tissue of lymph nodes
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13
Q

What are the components of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic vessels (tubes)
  • Lymph nodes
  • Isolated nodules
  • Lymphoid structures eg. tonsils, spleen
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14
Q

What are some functions of the spleen?

A
  • Defence
  • Haematopoiesis
  • Phagocytosis of RBCs and platelets
  • Blood reservoir
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15
Q

What is lymph?

A

a clear fluid containing tissue fluid, proteins, lymphocytes

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16
Q

What does lymph resemble?

A
  • Interstitial fluid
  • Blood plasma
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17
Q

What does lymph not do?

A

Clot- leakage can be fatal over time

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18
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

Thin-walled vessels which transport lymph to the general circulation

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19
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Transport lymph to the general circulation by a one-way valve system (lymph only flows towards the heart)

20
Q

What are the two different types of lymphatic vessels?

A
  • lymphatic capillaries in intracellular space and join to form…
  • Large lymphatics (trunks, ducts)
21
Q

What are the main lymphatic trunks?

A
  • Right lymphatic duct
  • Thoracic duct
22
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries anchored to connective tissue?

A

tiny filaments

23
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries have a high degree of?

A

Permeability

24
Q

What is an important clinical feature of lymphatic capillaries?

A

Ability to pass very large molecules

25
Q

What are some differences between veins and lymphatic vessels?

A
  • Thinner walls
  • More valves
  • Lymph nodes along course
26
Q

What type of lymphatic capillaries are present in the intestinal mucosa?

A
  • Lacteals: highly specialised to absorb fats and other nutrients
  • have milky lymph- chyle
27
Q

Describe lymph flow

A
  • no muscular pump
  • flows slowly: approx 3l/day
  • valves ensure one way flow
  • skeletal muscle contraction and breathing movements assist this
28
Q

What trunk drains lymph from the head and neck?

A

Jugular

29
Q

What trunk drains lymph from the upper limbs?

A

Subclavian

30
Q

What is the thoracic duct?

A

A major lymphatic channel that begins in the abdomen and terminates in the junction between the LIJ and the left subclavian veins

31
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Filter toxic products from the lymph to prevent their entry into the blood vascular system
- phagocytosis
- Haematopoiesis

32
Q

How many lymph nodes are there?

A

More than 100 tiny oval or bean shaped nodes (vary in size and shape)

33
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Clusters along the lymphatic vessels (sometimes grouped ie neck, groin, axilla

34
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A
  • Organised lymphoid tissue
    • contain lymphocytes which are the white blood cells of the immune system and remove toxic products
  • Afferent and efferent vessels
35
Q

What are the classifications of lymph nodes?

A
  • superficial or deep
  • primary or secondary
36
Q

What constitutes a normal lymph node?

A
  • Small, soft
  • Moveable
  • Cannot visualise or palpate in EO
37
Q

Where are tonsils located?

A

Near airway and food passages to protect against disease and toxic products- first line of defense

38
Q

What is the pharyngeal lymphoid (Waldeyers) ring?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue in a protective ring at the back of the throat under the mucosa

39
Q

What constitutes the Waldeyers ring?

A
  • pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)
  • tubal tonsils
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
40
Q

Where does the Waldeyers ring drain to?

A
  • Sup. deep cervical lymph nodes (specifically the jugulodigastric lymph node)
41
Q

Why is lymphoid tissue examination important?

A
  • Lymphoid tissue can be involved in spreading infections and cancers
42
Q

What is meant by proper clinical examination?

A
  • Patient consent
  • Proper explanation
  • Systematic approach
  • Recording of findings
  • Referrals as required
43
Q

What does an infected lymph node feel like?

A

soft, tender, mobile

44
Q

What does a cancerous lymph node feel like?

A

bony, hard, fixed?
- Cancer cells can travel in lymphatic vessels slowly to other nodes- spreads rapidly if reaches blood circulatory system

45
Q

What does lymphoma feel like?

A
  • firm
  • large multinodular
  • rubbery
46
Q
A

102 (12 decks)

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